不同合成树脂工艺对改性材性能影响研究

为研究树脂对改性材性能的影响，采用2种不同工艺合成三聚氰胺-脲醛树脂（MUF），测试了树脂的相关性能。结果表明，不同合成工艺路线下制备的 MUF 树脂在固体含量、粘度、固化时间、游离甲醛含量间存在显著差异。最终树脂的分子结构类型相似性极高，但相同结构组分在不同树脂中所占比例各有差异。羟甲基基团在MUF2中所占比例高，而亚甲基桥键及醚键在MUF1中含量高。MUF1改性材的增重率（weight percent gain，WPG）值更大，但MUF2改性材的抗溶胀性（anti-swelling efficiency，ASE）和体积膨胀率（bulking rates，B）更高，MUF2改性材的尺寸稳定性更好。     

纳板河保护区不同季节常绿阔叶林土壤酶活性与养分关系研究

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对云南纳板河自然保护区不同季节季风常绿阔叶林土壤酶活性与养分进行研究,探讨季节变化对保护区季风常绿阔叶林土壤酶活性及养分含量影响,并进一步探究季节变化对酶活性与土壤肥力间关系的影响。结果表明:季节变化对土壤养分含量和酶活性具有显著影响,不同养分指标和酶活性随季节和土层深度变化表现出不同程度变异性,变异系数由0.1~1.5不等;季节变化对各养分指标与土壤酶活性之间的相关关系具有显著影响,随季节变化相关关系发生改变;土壤酶之间的相互关系受季节影响较小,相关性随季节变化不明显;保护区季风常绿阔叶林土壤养分与酶活性间存在显著或极显著相关关系,土壤肥力对酶活性的直接影响力随季节变化发生不同程度改变。     

磷肥和钾肥不同配施方式对其养分在土壤中迁移的影响

采用单点源滴灌试验方法,模拟滴灌条件下磷(P)、钾(K)肥作为基肥一次施入和随水分施入两种不同的配施方式下速效P、K含量在土壤中的时空分布变化情况。结果表明:对于可溶性较好的磷、钾肥作为基肥施入土壤后,均随着滴灌水的下渗运移而发生迁移,速效磷的高值区出现在湿润区的边缘附近,速效钾则比较均匀的分布在湿润区内;随水分施磷肥,仅在湿润区深度20cm,水平方向15cm以内的土层发生积累。在施加磷肥总量一致时,随水分施入土壤速效磷含量的最大值明显高于作为基肥施入的最大值;随水分施钾肥,速效钾在土壤中的分布也趋于均匀,但是在滴水点附近形成高值区,且随水分施钾肥可在一定程度上减缓速效钾在土壤中的迁移速度。     

不同成熟度茶树叶片抗逆性生理指标差异

茶树以收获芽叶为主,叶片的生理特性和抗逆能力直接决定着茶树生长势和品质成分的形成。为研究茶树不同成熟度叶片生理变化规律,以2个茶树品种为研究对象,测定茶树新梢不同成熟度叶片丙二醛(MDA)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,综合评价各成熟度叶片的生理特性和抗逆能力,并通过相关性分析、主成分分析简化茶树抗逆性评价指标。结果表明,不同成熟度叶片的MDA、SA、SOD和Pro由1芽2叶至老叶基本呈现增加的趋势,老叶的含量均显著高于其他成熟度叶片;仅ABA含量随着叶片成熟度的增加而降低;SS含量则呈现先增加后降低趋势,新梢3、4叶达到峰值,老叶最低。相关性分析表明,MDA与SA、Pro之间存在极显著或显著正相关。ABA与MDA、SOD、Pro、SA、CAT存在中度到高度负相关。7个茶树叶片抗逆性评价指标可简化为5个,即MDA、ABA、SA、SS和CAT,可应用于茶树抗逆性的鉴定,提高种质材料的筛选效率。     

冬小麦不同播期对土壤水分及产量的影响

在西北半干旱雨养条件下,以冬小麦‘陇中一号’为材料,研究了不同播期条件下土壤水分、产量差异。结果表明:冬小麦适当迟播可以提高土壤含水量,但在不同播期、小麦的不同生育期土壤含水量也存在差异。从4个不同播期分析,平均土壤含水量为最迟播期(S4,10月11日)的最高;产量以最早播期(S1,9月21日)的最低,9月30日—10月11日之间产量相近。多重比较表明,播种期越迟,土壤含水量越大,播期处理间产量差异不显著,晚播不会造成减产。     

二维相关红外光谱分析鉴别不同产地黑木耳

不同产地黑木耳的营养成分含量存在差异,因此对黑木耳的产地鉴别具有实用价值。选取8个不同产地的黑木耳,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)和二维相关红外光谱(two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy,2D-IR),对不同样本的2D-IR谱图进行处理和分析,并结合系统聚类分析以鉴别黑木耳的不同产地。结果显示,不同产地黑木耳的傅里叶变换红外光谱整体特征极为相似,偏相关系数的最小值为0.955,不能用于区分黑木耳的产地。不同产地黑木耳在1 730～1 400 cm-1、1 350～1 040 cm-1以及1 030～900 cm-1范围内的二维相关红外光谱中自动峰数目不同,它们之间的自动峰和交叉峰的强度也有较大差异;对1 700～950 cm-1范围内的FT-IR光谱进行系统聚类分析,不同产地黑木耳都得到正确归类。结果表明,二维相关红外光谱分析,结合系统聚类分析能够简单、快速、无损地鉴别不同产地黑木耳。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

Habitat associations of the Threatened pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) at the northern edge of the species range

Pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) is a small, reclusive species that is widespread in North America, but is one of the rarest fishes in Canada, found in less than 12 known localities in southwestern Ontario. In contrast to most pugnose minnow populations across the global range, Canadian populations are primarily found in turbid systems, potentially indicating persistence in suboptimal conditions. We used data from a multi-gear species and habitat survey in the Canard River, Ontario, a system dominated by agricultural inputs and the best-known capture site of the species in Canada, to parameterise multi-gear occupancy models for understanding the relationship between pugnose minnow occupancy and microhabitat features, including the role of turbidity. Almost 300 pugnose minnow were captured, representing the largest single collection of the species in Canadian history. The best occupancy model indicated that the probability of pugnose minnow occupancy was highest in the deepest sites with the lowest water clarity (i.e. high turbidity); however, competing models suggested that occupancy was highest at sites with wild celery (Vallisneria americana) and higher water clarity, signifying that habitats with low turbidity may be utilised if sufficient physical cover exists. Together, our results suggest that Canadian pugnose minnow populations occupy and potentially favour turbid conditions, possibly to avoid visual predators in clearer habitats. It remains uncertain whether this abiotic association represents a long-term, viable, local adaptation or whether persistence of pugnose minnow in the Canard River is at risk unless significant water quality improvements can be made.     

喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下石灰土化学风化特性

研究喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式（耕地、荒草地、退耕还草地和林草间作地）石灰土剖面化学风化特征，探讨矿质元素在石灰土剖面的分布、迁移和富集特征，从不同土地利用方式下土壤风化度，元素淋溶度、迁移度和残积度的角度分析土壤化学风化特征。结果表明：喀斯特山区石灰土剖面氧化物含量以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃为主，其他氧化物含量相对较低，均属于中等变异元素，SiO₂、Al₂O₃、MgO含量以荒草地较高，CaO、Na₂O含量以林草间作地较高，Fe₂O₃、MnO、P₂O₅、K₂O以耕地较高；研究区土壤处于中等化学风化阶段，富铝化程度弱，不同土地利用方式下荒草地土壤化学蚀变系数较强，林草间作地土壤富铝化程度较高；研究区土壤K、Na、Ca淋失严重，荒草地盐基离子淋失明显，林草间作地盐基离子淋失程度相对较低；土壤Fe、Al相对富集明显，残积程度高，林草间作地Al含量积累明显，退耕还草地Fe含量富集显著；实施“退耕—还草”等增加植被覆盖度的治理模式对土壤的保护作用显著。     

不同品种、成熟期鲜莲中淀粉的结构特性研究

莲子淀粉的结构特性对带壳莲子加工品质和食用品质影响显著。为提高带壳莲子调理食品的品质,本文采用场发射扫描电镜、直链淀粉全自动分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、马尔文激光粒度仪等仪器对4个莲子品种蜡熟期和完熟期莲子淀粉的结构特性进行研究。结果表明,同一品种不同成熟度莲子淀粉中的直链淀粉、抗性淀粉含量和淀粉颗粒粒径随成熟度的增大而增大,而同一品种不同成熟度莲子淀粉的结晶度随鲜莲成熟度的增大而减小（除京广1号外）。在4个品种中,建选17号和建选35号鲜莲中的淀粉含量在蜡熟期和完熟期都较高,而直链淀粉含量最低,对于延缓淀粉老化具有一定效果。