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1.
Michael E. Patterson Jessica M. Montag Daniel R. Williams 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2003,1(3):171-183
Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization. 相似文献
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环境污染责任保险因开展经验及历史数据不足致费率难以合理厘定,引入模糊信息粒及综合评价理论,相对传统方法,更能实现费率厘定的公平合理,保障各方利益.本文以化学原料及化学制品制造业为研究对象,首先运用模糊信息粒理论处理历史数据,克服数据模糊不确定性,得出第三者赔偿额的模糊信息粒X~;其次运用传统精算定价方法得出行业基准费率的模糊信息粒p~;最后运用模糊综合评价二级评价理论,综合追溯期、企业规模等影响因素,得出投保企业风险综合评价集B~,以此修正基准费率. 相似文献
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Sun Hongbo Xu Guoyu Qin Yihong 《保鲜与加工》1992,(4):80-86
This paper proposes a multi - objective fuzzy decision - making approach for power network planning under uncertainty ,which simutaneously considers not only the least investment cost,the minimum power loss,the maximum reliability,and the least environmental impacts, but also the uncertainty about the future load growth and the capital investment availability. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified with numerical examples. 相似文献
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阐述了机械化制作的棉花营养钵适于机械化育苗移栽又不影响棉苗生长发育的要求,对影响机械化制钵强度的因素营养土中纤维与土的质量比、含水量和营养钵的压缩比进行了分析研究.结果表明:当土与纤维的质量比为1.8~2.3,含水量为18%~23%、压缩比为1.8~2.2时,压制的钵体强度可达到适合机械化育苗、移栽要求又不影响棉苗生长的钵体强度300~450N,所需静压制力为1000~1500N. 相似文献
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基于熵权的导流标准多目标决策分析 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15
通过分析决策方案目标集.采用信息熵权与决策者的主观权重相结合的方法确定综合权重.运用多目标决策理论,建立导流标准多目标模糊优选模型。该模型系统地考虑了决策方案目标集的客观因素和决策者的主观因素。通过锦屏一级水电站施工导流标准的决策分析,说明该方法和模型是有效的.很好地解决了导流工程的施工强度、投资及风险损失的关系。 相似文献
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基于模糊层次分析法的农产品加工企业风险评价研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
风险评价是风险管理的重要阶段,针对农产品加工企业特点,提出了一种基于模糊层次分析法的农产品加工企业风险评价方法。该方法初步解决了农产品加工企业风险管理中的关键问题——风险因素的识别。以某农产品加工公司为例,介绍了该方法的应用过程。 相似文献