基于Hertz接触理论的黑水虻幼虫碰撞恢复系数测定

为建立黑水虻幼虫与收集、输送、分离等机械工作部件间发生碰撞时的碰撞模型，基于黑水虻幼虫生物特性，应用Hertz弹性碰撞理论推导了黑水虻幼虫碰撞过程动力学方程，结合运动学方程原理构建了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的测定装置并进行了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数测定试验。试验针对第5龄期的黑水虻幼虫，采用L16(44×23)混合正交试验方案研究了碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、含水率等因素对黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的影响，然后对碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向进行单因素试验，并获得了材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角对恢复系数的影响规律与回归方程，且方程的决定系数均不小于0.9427。试验结果表明，影响黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的因素影响由大到小为：碰撞材料、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、碰撞材料厚度、含水率，其中含水率对恢复系数影响不显著。单因素试验结果可得：黑水虻幼虫与Q235钢、铝合金、有机玻璃、橡胶等碰撞材料间的恢复系数依次降低，随下落高度的增大而逐渐减小，随材料厚度的增加而逐渐增大，恢复系数随碰撞角的增大而整体呈增大趋势，且横向跌落方向大于纵向跌落方向。该文研究结果可为黑水虻幼虫收集、输送、分离等机械相关工作部件优化设计提供参考依据。     

基于SSR分子标记的Nicotiana tobacum–N.plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株的鉴定与筛选

以烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)品种云烟87的八倍体(2n=8x=96)和野生烟草N. plumbaginifolia (2n=2x=20)的基因组DNA为模板,对340对烟草SSR引物进行筛选以获得能扩增多态性条带的引物。利用多态性引物对种间杂交后代及190株回交后代的基因组DNA进行扩增,并对N.plumbaginifolia中的SSR标记的连锁情况进行简要分析。经筛选获得了多态性引物29对。结果显示,在190株后代中, 159株的基因组DNA能扩增出N. plumbaginifolia的特异SSR位点,可以判定该159株为N. tabacum的N. plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株,其余31株植株可能不含有N. plumbaginifolia的染色体。经UPGMA聚类分析,本群体中植株的遗传多样性较为丰富,部分分子标记在后代中的出现具有完全相关性。29个标记中14个可确定来源于5条不同染色体,N.plumbaginifolia的29个位点在回交后代中的扩增效率并不相同,且效率均较低(低于31.00%),说明该杂种中N. plumbaginifolia基因组的垂直传递效率较低。利用SSR分子标记可以判定云烟87八倍体与N.plumbaginifolia杂交获得的后代为真杂种,且自该远缘杂种回交后代中筛选获得大量异源染色体植株。这些结果和筛选获得异源染色体植株为进一步创制N.tabacum-N.plumbaginifolia抗黑胫病单体附加系以及易位系奠定了基础。     

温度对茶发酵叶色泽及茶色素含量的影响

为探究温度对发酵外形、汤色指标和品质成分的影响,并获得快速判别发酵适度的指标,该文以福鼎大白茶品种鲜叶为原料,设置25、30、35、40℃等4个发酵温度,首次检测在制品外形L值(亮度)、a值(红度)、b值(黄度)和△E值(总色差),汤色LC值(总汤色值)、LL值(汤色透亮度)、La值(汤色红度)和Lb值(汤色黄度)等色泽属性,以及TFs(茶黄素)、TRs(茶红素)和TBs(茶褐素)等品质成分的动态变化,建立3类指标的相关性。结果表明,发酵的进行会导致外形色泽L值、b值的下降,a值的增加,汤色LC值、La值和Lb值的先升后降,LL值的下降,各色泽属性的剧变期均发生在前90 min;不同温度比较,低温(25或30℃)有利于外形亮度L值、外形黄度b值、总汤色LC值、汤色黄度Lb值和汤色红度La的值的稳定,高温(35℃)有利于外形红度a值和汤色透亮度LL值的增加。品质成分TFs和TRs均呈先增后降的趋势,然茶红素峰值点出现时间晚于茶黄素,整体上以25℃发酵有利于TFs的形成和累积,而30℃发酵有利于TRs累积。相关性分析表明,TFs和TRs均与TFRB(茶黄素和茶红素之和与茶褐素的比值)呈极显著正相关,TFRB值较TFR值(茶红素与茶黄素的比值)更可有效代表茶黄素和茶红素在叶内的贡献表征;外形色泽属性与汤色色泽属性间呈极显著相关性,TFs与L值、b值、Lb值呈极显著正相关,与LC值、La值呈显著正相关,TRs仅与a值和Lb值呈显著正相关。通过线性回归分析获得了以LL值、Lb值和b值为变量的茶黄素回归模型,R2达到0.804,结合回归模型和相关性结果可以看出外形黄度b值最为关键,可作为判断发酵适度和衡量茶黄素含量的关键指标。     

Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.     

红茶感官品质及成分近红外光谱快速检测模型建立

以在发酵过程中小叶种工夫红茶为研究对象,分别建立了基于近红外光谱检测技术的感官品质评分和理化品质指标(茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素、儿茶素和酚氨比)的定量分析模型。在模型建立过程中,探讨了特征变量优选方法对预测模型的影响。首先,对获取的近红外光谱数据进行标准正态变量变换法(standard normal Z transformation,SNV)预处理,进而采用联合区间偏最小二乘回归(synergy interval PLS,Si-PLS)、随机蛙跳算法(shuffled frog leaping algorithm,SFLA)、竞争性自适应权重取样法(competitiveadaptivereweightedsampling,CARS)和连续投影(successive projections algorithm,SPA),筛选出各品质指标的最优特征波长变量;最后基于优选波长分别建立各发酵品质指标的偏最小二乘法(partial least squares regression,PLS)线性预测模型和支持向量机(support vector regression,SVR)非线性预测模型。模型结果比较表明,Si、CARS、SFLA和SPA等变量筛选方法可有效压缩变量,以及进一步提高模型精度。非线性模型的预测均方根误差值(root-mean-square error of prediction,RMSEP)均明显小于PLS模型,相关性系数(correlation coefficient,R)和相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)均高于PLS模型。对于红茶发酵品质的检测上,非线性模型性能优于线性模型。感官品质、茶褐素和儿茶素的最优变量SVR预测模型的RPD值分别为3.923、3.234和5.462,酚氨比和茶红素模型的RPD值分别为2.815和2.223。除茶黄素的评价模型外(RPD为1.77),基于最优特征波长的各品质指标SVR模型的RPD值均大于2,表明模型具有极好的预测性能。研究结果为实现工夫红茶发酵品质的近红外光谱快速检测的实际应用奠定理论基础。     

Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

Fishing efficiency of competitive largemouth bass tournament anglers has increased since early 21st century

Tournament fishing has risen in popularity over the last half a century. As such, social and financial incentives combined with technological advancements are expected to drive changes in angler's capacity to exploit tournament‐eligible fish stocks, as has been observed in commercial fisheries. The aim of this study was to quantify temporal trends in angler efficiency and their ability to exploit a given fish stock relative to effort in largemouth bass fishing tournaments. A collective analysis across seven Illinois reservoirs comparing change through time in angler catch rates and relative population abundances indicated that angler efficiency has generally improved through time. For the decade from 2005 to 2015, a greater than threefold increase in the efficiency of anglers to exploit a static population of largemouth bass was estimated. Anglers have become more efficient at exploiting populations, which is likely to influence management decisions in the future, particularly in harvest‐orientated fisheries and those reliant upon fishery‐dependent surveys.     

机器学习及其在农业中应用研究的展望

机器学习是一种面向机器的数据分析方法,自动化机器学习的研究促进了人工智能的发展。大数据的快速积累,促进了机器学习算法的井喷式发展。如何选择合适的机器学习算法解决行业问题,成为了当前应用的难点。笔者整理了机器学习新材料,对各种机器算法的特点和算法之间的差异,进行了仔细的梳理,总结了各种算法的需求背景和优缺点,以及主要的应用场合。在此基础上,分析了机器学习在农业应用的案例,综述了机器学习在农业应用,指出了目前存在的发展瓶颈,并提出了进一步研究应用的建议。     

微生态制剂对葡萄抗病能力及果实品质的影响

以云南、四川主栽的4个葡萄品种为试材,在常规用药方式基础上辅以微生态制剂,测定其对葡萄酸腐病和黑曲霉病防控效果及对果实品质的影响,以期为有效防控葡萄酸腐病和黑曲霉病的发生,解决生产实践中的具体问题提供科学参考依据。结果表明:微生态制剂能提高葡萄果粒大小和百粒质量,同时增加糖酸比。在传统用药基础上使用绿康威,对葡萄酸腐病和黑曲霉病的防效最佳,分别达52.3%和42.4%;在传统用药基础上使用绿地康3号,其防效为31.3%和21.9%,均表现出良好的防效;前期使用化学药剂,后期单独使用微生态制剂对酸腐病的防效不太明显。     

东北黑土nirS型反硝化细菌群落和网络结构对长期施用化肥的响应

【目的】探明长期施用氮磷钾化肥对东北黑土农田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落和网络结构的影响,为更加合理的肥料配施提供理论依据。【方法】基于农业农村部黑龙江耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站平台,选取不施肥(NoF)、氮肥(N)、磷肥(P)、钾肥(K)、氮钾肥(NK)、氮磷肥(NP)、磷钾肥(PK)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)8个施肥处理,借助荧光定量PCR、Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和分子生态网络技术,分析东北黑土nirS型反硝化细菌丰度、群落及网络结构,及影响反硝化细菌群落变异的主要环境因子。【结果】1)长期施用氮肥均在显著增加nirS基因拷贝数的同时,降低了nirS型反硝化细菌的群落多样性,而磷、钾肥对其影响并不显著。2)Proteobacteria是所有处理中的优势反硝化细菌门,相对丰度为16.96%~27.34%,且氮肥的施用促进了隶属于该菌门中Bradyrhizobium的生长。3)PCoA分析结果显示,8个施肥处理nirS型反硝化细菌群落主要分成施氮肥和不施氮肥两组,说明长期氮肥的施用显著改变了东北黑土反硝化细菌的群落结构。结合Mantel test的结果可知,土壤pH是影响nirS型反硝化细菌群落改变的主要因素。4)分别构建施氮肥和不施氮肥的反硝化细菌分子生态网络,发现施氮肥和不施氮肥网络结构存在很大差异,长期施用氮肥明显简化了nirS型反硝化细菌的网络结构,同时使其网络结构稳定性降低,易受外界环境扰动。【结论】尽管施用化学氮肥有利于土壤养分的增加,但其土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落及网络结构发生了较大改变,而磷、钾肥的施用对反硝化细菌群落无显著影响。本试验结果为进一步研究东北黑土区农田土壤反硝化微生物对不同施肥管理的响应机制提供了重要科学依据。