不同种植方式下温度升高对水稻产量及同化物转运的影响

【目的】气候变暖对水稻生产系统的影响备受关注,研究不同种植方式下,水稻产量及其形成对气候变化的响应规律,为水稻种植区划、栽培措施和品种调整提供依据。【方法】 2017—2018年以南粳9108和南粳46为供试品种,模拟机插秧移栽和机械化直播2种种植方式,以常温（NT）为对照,于始穗期进行中度升温（平均增加2℃,MT）和极端高温胁迫（平均增加5℃,HT）,研究不同种植方式下温度升高对不同水稻品种的产量及其构成、同化物转运、光合生产特性的影响。【结果】在中度升温和极端高温胁迫下,南粳9108和南粳46产量降幅均为移栽<直播,长生育期品种南粳46产量降幅较小。穗干物重增长速率表现为NT>MT>HT,水稻茎叶向穗的干物质转运量、转运率均随着温度升高而递减,且南粳9108下降趋势大于南粳46。穗后21 d至成熟期,剑叶SPAD值总体随着温度的升高而增加,差异达极显著水平;剑叶净光合速率穗后14—21 d均以极端高温胁迫处理下最小,而到穗后35 d以极端高温胁迫处理下最大。剑叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈NT>MT>HT趋势,生育后期差异更显著。通径分析表明,产量各构成因子对产量的影响程度为结实率>千粒重>穗数>每穗粒数,温度处理对产量各构成因子的影响都表现为负效应,且以结实率影响最大（-0.819）。相关分析表明,不同种植方式下受中度升温、极端高温胁迫后,成熟期干物质总重量、茎叶干物质转运量与产量构成因子（穗数除外）,一、二次枝梗籽粒结实率都呈极显著正相关。【结论】始穗期2—5℃升温均显著降低粳稻结实率,从而导致水稻产量降低。从光合物质特性究其原因是由于温度升高降低了干物质向穗的转运率和穗干物质积累速率,从而导致生育后期水稻剑叶SPAD值增加,延长叶片持绿时间,抑制“源”向“库”转移。从气候变暖应对措施来看,选择采用移栽种植方式和长生育期品种易于表现出对极端高温胁迫逆境较好的抗性。     

基于超星学习通的混合式教学模式应用研究——以发酵工程课程为例

为了提高发酵工程课程的教学质量和教学效果,针对发酵工程课程的内容和特点,将互联网+技术与教学相结合,进行了基于超星学习通平台的混合式线上线下教学方式的改革,结果表明:在增强了学生自主学习能力的同时,也促进了教师的自我提升。     

不同耕作方式对辽西褐土物理性状及玉米根系分布的影响

通过连续3年大田试验，对旋耕、翻耕、深松3种耕作方式下的土壤物理性质、玉米根系分布和产量进行测定。结果表明，与翻耕和旋耕相比，深松显著增加了玉米田土壤耕层厚度和降低了犁底层厚度。在中下层土壤，深松还降低了土壤紧实度和容重，改善了土壤的孔隙状况，有利于玉米根系向下生长，使得中下层土壤的玉米根系不仅更丰富，而且占总根系量的比例也更高，最终提高了玉米产量。本研究表明，深松耕作有利于改善辽西褐土区土壤结构和促进玉米生长。     

耕作方式对主要粮食作物影响的研究综述

笔者通过对相关资料的整理与分析,阐述了常见不同耕作方式对主要粮食作物根系特性、光合效应、品质指标及产量的影响,分析了未来农业生产中进一步加强对耕作方式研究的必要性和重要性,并指出今后农业生产中应在结合中国国情的基础上注重根据区域生态环境、土壤属性、作物种类及茬口类型选择适宜的耕作方式,试图为中国农业生产中耕作方式更加合理的选择与运用及作物产量的提高和耕地的可持续利用提供科学依据和理论帮助。     

有机培肥与耕作方式对稻麦轮作土壤团聚体和有机碳组分的影响

为了明确不同外源有机物和耕作方式对土壤地力培育的影响,以水稻-小麦轮作系统为对象,通过2个年度(2016—2018年)大田试验研究了外源有机物(秸秆和有机肥)和耕作方式及其交互作用[稻麦秸秆还田配合旋耕(SR),稻麦秸秆还田配合翻耕(SP),秸秆不还田、增施有机肥配合旋耕(MR),秸秆不还田、增施有机肥配合翻耕(MP),秸秆不还田、不施用有机肥、旋耕深度15 cm(CKR)]对土壤团聚体和有机碳组成的短期影响。结果表明:SR处理能够降低水稻季土壤容重并增加总孔隙度。相比CKR,小麦季SR处理显著增加0.05mm水稳性团聚体含量,增加量为7.2%。此外,外源有机物和耕作对土壤有机碳活性组分具有显著影响。其中,易氧化有机碳(EOC)主要受耕作与有机物交互作用影响,酸水解有机碳(LPIc和LPII_c)主要受耕作措施的影响, SR处理的土壤EOC和LPI_c含量比CKR提高0.3～2.6 g·kg~(-1)。颗粒有机碳(POC)主要受外源有机物的影响,并且秸秆还田处理POC平均含量高于增施有机肥处理,增加量为0.75g·kg~(-1)。短期内,外源有机物和耕作及其交互作用对稳定性有机碳(黑碳和矿物结合态有机碳)的影响较小。综上,秸秆还田配合旋耕有助于提高土壤水稳性团聚体和活性有机碳的含量(EOC、LPI_c和POC)。     

Relative abundance and damage of some insect pests of wheat under different tillage practices in rice–wheat cropping in India

Tillage changes the physical and chemical properties of soil and can also inhibit or enhance useful and harmful fauna. In agriculture, different tillage technologies are being tried to enhance crop productivity, but little concrete information seems to exist on their effects on pest abundance and damage. To address this lack of information, sowing of wheat was investigated under different tillage systems. In order to monitor pest abundance and damage in altered tillage systems, the present studies on the relative abundance and damage due to insect pests viz. pink stem borer (PSB, Sesamia inferens Walker), termites (Microtermes obesi Holmgren and Odontotermes obesus Rambur) and root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis Sasaki) were undertaken in a rice–wheat cropping system during 2010–11 and 2011–12. Pest abundance and damage was monitored in four tillage systems i.e. conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), ZT + mulch and rotary tillage (RT) under insecticide protected and unprotected conditions. The application of insecticide did not affect root aphid incidence or termite damage. However, significant differences in PSB damage in insecticide protected (0.9%) and unprotected (1.2%) conditions were observed. The investigations demonstrated that in CT, damage by PSB (0.6%) was minimum; however termite damage (2.2%) was maximum as compared to all other tillage conditions. In ZT, PSB damage (1.4%) was maximum and root aphid incidence (3.1 aphids/tiller) was minimum in comparison to other tillage conditions. ZT + mulch resulted in inter-mediate insect pest incidence/damage; however, RT was the least effective practice which showed relatively high incidence/damage of these three insects (1.2% PSB damage, 1.9% termite damage and 5.1 aphids/tiller). The insecticide × tillage interaction indicated that insecticide application is needed only in ZT and RT for PSB management.     

栽培模式对稻米品质特性的影响

以超级稻组合88S/1128和常规优质稻品种湘晚籼17号为材料,探讨了不同栽培模式(旱作覆膜、水作覆膜、旱作不覆膜、常规栽培等)对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,2个品种一致表现为旱作覆膜栽培的糙米率、精米率最高,水作覆膜栽培的整精米率最高;同一品种不同栽培模式的粒长和长宽比无显著差异,但覆膜栽培的垩白粒率、垩白大小更高。88S/1128旱作覆膜与常规栽培相比,直链淀粉含量降低、胶稠度变小、糊化温度升高;而湘晚籼17号旱作覆膜与常规栽培相比,直链淀粉含量降低、胶稠度变大、糊化温度降低。2个品种蛋白质含量表现一致,均为旱作不覆膜常规栽培旱作覆膜水作覆膜。稻米品质性状变异度最大的为外观品质,其次为蒸煮食味品质,碾米品质变异度相对较小。     

The use of remote sensing to detect the consequences of erosion in gypsiferous soils

Tillage practices on sloping ground often result in unsustainable soil losses impairing soil functions such as crop productivity, water and nutrients storage, and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. A sloping olive grove (10%) was planted in shallow gypsiferous soils in 2004. It was managed by minimum tillage; the most frequent management practice in central Spain. The consequences of erosion were studied in soil samples (at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths) by analyzing SOC, available water and gypsum content, and by detecting spectral signatures using an ASD FieldSpecPro® VIS/NIR-spectroradiometer. The Brightness index (BI), Shape index (FI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were derived from the ASD spectral signatures and from remote sensing (Sentinel-2 image) data. The development of these young olive trees was estimated from the measured diameter of the trunks (17 ± 18 cm diameter). In 20–30 cm of the soil, the carbon stock (38 ± 18 Mg ha⁻¹) as well as the available water content (12 ± 6%) was scarce, affecting the productivity of the olive grove. The above-mentioned indices obtained from the laboratory samples and the pixels of the Sentinel-2 image were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated, with a correlation coefficient of around 0.4. The BI was related to the gypsum content and the slope of the plot. The FI was related to the carbon and water contents. The NDVI derived from the satellite image identified the influence of soil degradation on the trees and the carbon content. The spatial-temporal changes of the indices might help in tracking soil changes over time.     

杭州规模化猪场两种通风模式下育肥舍内环境因子的比较分析

【目的】研究两种通风模式下杭州地区规模化猪场舍内环境参数及其分布规律,筛选出适合本地区推广的通风模式。【方法】选取杭州地区具有代表性的横向通风和纵向通风两种通风模式下育肥舍为研究对象,开展了早、中、晚3个不同时间点,进风口、舍中央和排风口3个不同位置的热环境参数、有害气体浓度的监测,持续监测1周。分析不同时间点和舍内不同位置对热环境参数（温度、相对湿度、风速）以及有害气体（氨气（NH₃）和硫化氢（H₂S））浓度的影响,并对两种模式下的热环境参数及有害气体浓度进行比较分析;采用空气沉淀法收集舍内环境中的细菌,并对细菌进行培养及统计分析,比较两种模式下育肥舍中细菌数量差异。【结果】两种通风模式下育肥舍相对湿度均低于国家标准,位置和各时间点对相对湿度影响不大,其中纵向通风舍内的相对湿度显著高于横向通风模式（P<0.05）。两种通风模式舍内平均温度没有显著性差异（P>0.05）,舍内中午温度显著高于早、晚（P<0.05）,位置对纵向通风舍内温度影响较大。纵向通风舍内平均风速为（1.09±0.42） m/s,符合国家标准且极显著高于横向通风模式（P<0.01）,风速受舍内位置的影响,各时间点对其影响不大。两种通风模式下猪舍空气环境中有害气体浓度均在国家标准范围内,但纵向通风舍内NH₃和H₂S浓度均显著低于横向通风模式（P<0.05）,各时间点H₂S、NH₃浓度差异均不显著（P>0.05）,舍内不同位置对有害气体浓度分布影响较大,进风口位置有害气体浓度显著低于舍中央位置和排风口位置（P<0.05）。纵向通风舍内空气中细菌总数符合国家标准且显著低于横向通风模式（P<0.05）。【结论】纵向通风模式下育肥舍内的总体环境优于横向通风模式,在本区域生产应用中,育肥舍的设计倾向于推广纵向通风模式。     

Spatial disparities in neighborhood public tree coverage: Do modes of transportation matter?

Urban green space has various environmental and ecological benefits, and uneven access to such amenities has drawn substantial attention from policy makers in developing sustainable community planning. In this study, we illustrate the spatial distribution of publicly owned and maintained trees in Edmonton, Canada and assess neighborhoods’ heterogeneous tree availability by using the container approach. Through spatial regression models, we further investigate the association of neighborhood public tree availability with socio-economic status (SES). We contribute to the existing literature by taking resident modes of transportation into consideration, in addition to many other commonly examined SES such as household income and ethnicity. Another unique contribution of this study is that we distinguish trees planted on different location types (i.e., boulevard, park, and buffer areas) when exploring the unequal coverage across neighborhoods and among different SES groups. Key results include: (1) a general examination without differentiating location types can lead to misleading results and thus provide inappropriate policy recommendations; (2) resident modes of transportation is a critical factor associated with a neighborhood’s public tree coverage; and (3) there exists evident spatial dependence on public tree availability between neighborhoods. The results from this study provide important information to better understand the issue and to allocate public resource (such as tree coverage) more efficiently and effectively to support sustainable community development.