Does the Sulfur Assimilation Pathway Play a Role in the Response to Fe Deficiency in Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants?

Abstract

The finding that the methionine is the sole precursor of the mugineic acid family phytosiderophores induced us to evaluate whether sulfur assimilation pathway has a role in plant response to Fe deficiency. Maize plants were grown for 10 days in nutrient solution (NS) containing 80 µM Fe in the presence (+S) or absence (?S) of sulfate. After removing the root extraplasmatic iron pool, half of the plants of each treatment (+S and ?S) were transferred to a new Fe deficient NS (0.1 µM final Fe concentration) (?Fe). The remaining plants of each pre‐culture condition (+S and ?S) were transferred to a new NS containing 80 µM Fe (+Fe). Leaves were collected 4 and 24 hours from the beginning of Fe deprivation period and used for chemical analysis and enzyme assays. Results showed that iron content in the leaves was lower in plants grown in S‐deficiency than in those grown in the presence of the macro‐nutrient. Iron deprivation produced an increase in the level of SH compounds in both nutritive conditions (+S and ?S). These observations are suggestive of some relationship between S nutrition and Fe uptake. For this reason, we next investigated the influence of Fe availability on S metabolism through the evaluation of changes in ATPs and OASs activity, the first and the last enzyme of S assimilation pathway respectively. Results showed that S‐starvation increased the activity of both enzymes, but this effect disappeared in plants upon Fe deficiency suggesting that S metabolism is sensitive to Fe availability. Taken together these evidences suggest that S metabolism is sensitive to soil Fe‐availability for plant nutrition and support the hypothesis of S involvement in plant response to Fe deprivation.     

SO2对龙眼果实的氧化作用与衰老的影响

以‘石硖’龙眼（Ｄｉｍ ｏｃａｒｐｕｓｌｏｎｇａｎ Ｌｏｕｒ．ｃｖ．Ｓｈｉｘｉａ）为试材，研究了冷藏（４ ℃）条件下，适当的ＳＯ２ 熏蒸预处理对果实氧化作用与衰老的影响。结果表明：硫处理果实，呼吸速率比对照显著降低（Ｐ＜ ０．０１），使果实受到不可逆抑制；果皮膜透性和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量比对照明显增加（Ｐ＜ ０．０１），超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性成倍提高，并出现新的ＳＯＤ同工酶带。贮藏效果表明：合理的ＳＯ２ 处理能够延缓果实的衰老进程，延长贮藏寿命     

花生硫素营养特性的研究

对花生的硫素营养特性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :施硫均能显著提高花生各生育阶段对N、S的吸收量 ,提高其N、S含量 ,降低N S比 ,提高花生盛花期以后的N积累比例 ,明显促进S养分向花生籽实部分运转。在不同硫肥品种中 ,以石膏促进花生吸收N、S,提高其N、S含量的效果最好。花生在始花～盛花期吸收硫的强度最大     

不同品种春小麦硫、钙、镁吸收动态模型及分布运转的研究

以蒙麦36号等3个春小麦品种为材料,系统研究了S,Ca,Mg 3种养分在不同生育时期体内含量变化及分布运转规律;查明了其百公斤子粒吸收量,消耗系数,生产效率;建立了3个春小麦品种S,Ca,Mg养分的吸收动态模型。并应用模型理想地摸拟了最大吸收量、最大吸收速率及其出现时间。     

Arylsulphatase activity of different latosol soils of Ghana cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta)

Summary A study was undertaken to investigate arylsulphatase activity in 15 soils cropped to cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and coffee (Coffea canephora var. robusta) in Ghana. The arylsulphatase activity was correlated positively and significantly with organic C, total N, and cation exchange capacity, and correlated negatively with acetate soluble sulphate. The enzyme was deactivated at an incubation temperature of over 60°C. Preheating and oven-drying of soils decreased arylsulphatase activity. Addition of 1.0 ml toluene during the assay resulted in a sharp decline in arylsuphatase activity. The addition of trace elements at a concentration of 1 ppm caused a reduction in soil arylsulphatase activity compared with that of the untreated samples.     

硫酸盐对小白鼠钼代谢的影响

实验选择健康小白鼠52只,体重(20±0.8)g,适应5d后,随机分为4组,每组13只,实验56d。定期剖杀检查,结果表明:I和II组小白鼠有轻度中毒表现,II组与III组RBC差异显者(P<0.05),HB呈下降趋势,组间比较差异均不显著(P>0.05),II组与III组WBC差异显著(P<0.05),I组ANAE+阳性率略高于IV组,II组ANAE+阳性率持续下降,6周后与I组差异显著(P<0.05),硫与钼存在剂量效应关系。     

Sulphur speciation and turnover in soils: evidence from sulphur K-edge XANES spectroscopy and isotope dilution studies

Sulphur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to quantify S species in humic substance extracts from ten soils from the UK, China and New Zealand, which differ in land use and agricultural management. XANES spectroscopy showed the presence of most reduced (sulphides, disulphides, thiols and thiophenes), intermediate (sulphoxides and sulphonates) and highly oxidised S (ester sulphates) forms, with the three groups representing 14-32%, 33-50% and 22-53% of the organic S in the humic substance extracts, respectively. Land use had a profound influence on the relative proportions of S species. Well-drained arable soils generally had a higher proportion of organic S present in the most oxidised form than the grassland soils collected nearby, whereas paddy soils showed a more reduced profile due to episodic flooding. In the Broadbalk Classical Experiment at Rothamsted, reversion of an arable system to grassland or woodland in the 1880s resulted in an increase of the most reduced and intermediate S species at the expense of the most oxidised S species. Long-term applications of farmyard manure to an arable plot also shifted S species from the most oxidised to the intermediate and the most reduced species. Sulphur immobilisation and gross mineralisation were determined in seven soils using the ³⁵S isotope dilution method. Gross mineralisation during a 53-day incubation correlated more closely with the amounts of the most reduced and intermediate S species than with the most oxidised S species, suggesting that the former (C-bonded S) were the main source of organic S for mineralisation in the short-term.     

Diffusion of N-labelled N2O into soil columns: a promising method to examine the fate of N2O in subsoils

Nitrous oxide research has generally focused directly on measuring fluxes of N₂O from the soil surface. The fate of N₂O in the subsoil has often been placed in the ‘too hard’ basket. However, determining the production, fate and movement of N₂O in the subsoil is vital in fully understanding the sources of surface fluxes and in compiling accurate inventories for N₂O emissions. The aim of this study was to generate and introduce into soil columns ¹⁵N labelled N₂O, and to try and determine the consumption of the ¹⁵N₂O and production of ambient N₂O. Columns, 100 cm long by 15 cm diameter, were repacked with sieved soil (sampled from 0 to 5 cm depth) and instrumented with silicone rubber gas sampling ports. Nitrous oxide enriched with ¹⁵N was generated using a thermal decomposition process at 300 °C and then transferred to 2 l flasks. After equilibrating with SF₆ tracer gas the ¹⁵N₂O was introduced into the soil columns via passive diffusion. Gas samples from the soil profile and headspace flux were taken over a 12-day period. A watering event was simulated to perturb the ¹⁵N₂O gas composition in the soil profile. Using the measured ¹⁵N enriched fluxes and the rate of decline in ¹⁵N in the N₂O reservoir, from which the N₂O diffused into the soil, we calculated an N₂O sink (consumption plus absorption by water) equal to 0.48 ng N₂O g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹. The decrease in the ¹⁵N enrichment between successive soil depths indicated N₂O production in the soil profile and we calculated a net N₂O production rate of 0.88 ng N₂O g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹. This pilot study demonstrated the potential for simultaneously measuring both N₂O consumption and production rates, using the ¹⁵N enrichment of the N₂O measured. Further potential refinements of the methodology are discussed.     

高产夏玉米施用硫肥对矿质元素吸收影响的研究

每公顷基施:0(CK)、36.3(S₁)、413.85(S₂)kg硫时,玉米每公顷产量分别为9 784.5、10 639.5、11 322 kg,处理分别比对照增产8.73%和15.71%,并提高了果穗长度,增加了穗行数、行粒数,对千粒重影响不大.单株对氮、磷、钾、锰、锌、镁的吸收量表现为S₂>S₁>CK.施入(NH₄)₂SO₄后,0～20 cm、21～40 cm、41～60 cm土层的pH值降低,收获后有所回升,各处理各土层的pH值均表现为CK>S₁>S₂.施入硫肥后,0～60 cm土层全氮含量降低,速效钾的含量提高,0～20 cm土层中的速效磷含量有所提高,21～40 cm土层变化不大,41～60 cm土层中的速效磷含量降低。     

施用硫肥对两种穗型冬小麦品种群体生理、产量和品质的影响

为了研究硫肥对小麦群体生理、产量和品质的影响，以及对不同穗型品种的效应，通过随机区组试验，对豫麦49（多穗型）和兰考906（大穗型）冬小麦品种进行了不同硫肥处理。研究结果表明，适宜的硫肥处理能够增大小麦的叶面积指数（LAI），增加干物质的积累，提高群体光合（CAP）速率，而且对于提高小麦穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、容重、粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量也有较大的作用。两种穗型小麦品种对硫肥的反应有差异，多穗型的豫麦49施硫后，产量提高幅度较大，而品质反应不明显，大穗型品种兰考906的产量和品质对硫肥的反应却相反，因此硫肥施用应考虑品种间差异。