杂草对除草剂非靶标抗性机理研究进展

随着除草剂的大面积持续使用,近年来抗性杂草种类增多,危害面积不断增加,危害程度逐渐加重。杂草对除草剂抗性问题业已成为威胁全球粮食安全的关键问题之一。杂草对除草剂的抗药机制主要分为靶标抗性和非靶标抗性,非靶标抗性主要包括对除草剂解毒能力增强、屏蔽作用或与作用位点的隔离作用等机理。本文主要对除草剂的非靶标抗性机制中的P450s、GSTs、ABC转运蛋白和谷胱甘肽转运体等进行综述,并对非靶标抗性机制研究前景进行展望。     

Effect of miRNA-33 on ABCA1/ABCG1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells after Hcy treatment

AIM:To study whether homocysteine (Hcy) inhibits the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) by microRNA-33 (miRNA-33) signaling, and reduces the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT).METHODS:RAW264.7 macrophages were induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to establish foam cell model. Oil red O staining was used to determine whether the model was established successfully. miRNA-33 mimics and miRNA-33 inhibitor were transfected into the cells by Lipofectamine 2000, and the cells were exposed to Hcy at concentration of 5 mmol/L for 24 h. The intracellular lipid droplets were observed by Oil red O staining. The expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The cellular cholesterol content was analyzed by HPLC, and effluent rate of cholesterol was detected by the method of liquid scintillation counting.RESULTS:Compared with blank control group, the lipid content in miRNA-33 mimics group was increased, and the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 at mRNA and protein levels was decreased (P<0.05). The intracellular cholesterol content was increased gradually (P<0.05), and the cellular cholesterol efflux rate was gradually decreased (P<0.05) in miRNA-33 mimics group. Compared with blank control group, the testing results in miRNA-33 inhibitor group were the opposition of those in miRNA-33 mimics group (P<0.05). No diffe-rence of the above indexes among blank control group, miRNA-33 mimics-NC group and miRNA-33 inhibitor-NC group was observed.CONCLUSION:Hcy inhibits the mRNA and protein expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 through miRNA-33 signaling, and reduces the efficiency of RCT in RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells.     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

不同种植方式对甜菜产质量的影响

试验结果表明,在同等条件下,由于栽培方式不同,密度不同,块根产量、产糖量差异较大,以纸筒大垄双行为最好,甜菜块根产量、产糖量比对照小垄直播分别提高36.7%、39.8%,每公顷纯增效益1602元。其次是大垄双行覆膜,块根产量、产糖量比对照小垄直播分别提高31.5%、33.1%。     

Ca~(2+)-ATPase抑制剂对采后草莓呼吸速率和花青苷含量的影响

用Ca2+-ATPase抑制剂钒酸钠(SO)和曙红(EB)浸泡处理转红期草莓果实(cv.Darselect)后表明,2者能提高果实呼吸速率,迅速促进外层果肉的花青苷生成,增加其可溶性糖含量,髓部果肉的花青苷生成和可溶性糖的变化较慢,而对果实的失重率影响不大。因此,Ca2+-ATPase抑制剂具有促进果实成熟衰老的作用。     

套袋对红富士苹果色素及糖、酸含量的影响

 以苹果(Malus pumila) ‘长富2’品种为试材, 研究了套袋对果皮色素及果肉糖、酸含量的影响。结果表明, 套袋果果皮色素、可溶性糖、可滴定酸具有同对照果基本相同的消长规律, 但含量均始终低于对照; 摘袋后果实可溶性糖含量迅速升高, 且花青苷积累速度明显快于对照; 套袋主要降低了果实中山梨醇和蔗糖的含量, 果糖和葡萄糖降低幅度相对较小。     

以甜菜粕取代小麦的全混合颗粒饲料对羔羊瘤胃pH值的影响

本试验选用24只3-3.5月龄的波德代(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)和陶赛特(♂6)×蒙古羊(♀)杂交一代羔羊,按2×2×2因子设计,研究了两个营养水平下以高果胶的甜菜粕取代小麦的全混合颗粒饲料对两种羔羊瘤胃pH值的影响。结果表明,低营养水平组的pH值显著高于高营养水平组(P=0.015);食后4 h(P-0.019)、6 h(P=0.009)的pH值在营养水平和饲料间存在互作,高营养水平组,小麦组羔羊的瘤胃液pH高于甜菜粕组,而低营养水平组、甜菜粕组的pH高于小麦组;羊品种对pH值无影响。     

石榴果实的糖酸组成及风味特点

采用高效液相色谱法测定4种石榴成熟期果实中糖和酸的组成,并对其味感值和糖酸组分与果实风味指标间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,石榴果实中可溶性糖组分有蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇,其中葡萄糖和果糖含量最高,分别占总糖含量的43.84%~48.36%和49.18%~50.67%。4个品种中,"玉石籽"的总糖含量最高,"白皮"的最低。石榴果实中主要有机酸是奎宁酸、琥珀酸、草酸、L-苹果酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸和D-苹果酸,其中"玛瑙籽"的总酸含量最高,"青皮"的最低。石榴果实中果糖的味感值最大、其次是葡萄糖;味感值最大的酸是奎宁酸,其次为柠檬酸。相关性分析结果表明,石榴果实的糖酸比与甜味/酸味比值之间呈极显著正相关,各品种间糖酸比(甜味/酸味比值)的差异主要取决于有机酸的含量,与糖含量无关。综合其风味特点,"青皮"和"玉石籽"是甜味较浓的品种,"白皮"和"玛瑙籽"则是酸味较浓的品种。     

丛枝菌根真菌和糖醇螯合钙对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活及其关键基因表达的影响

以盆栽‘红颜’草莓为试材，研究了摩西管柄囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae）和糖醇螯合钙不同浓度（0.10%、0.15%、0.20%）处理对草莓采后果实硬度和细胞壁酶活的变化，同时，初步探究了不同处理对草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1、FaβGal4的表达水平的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，以糖醇螯合钙单独施用（0.15%和0.20%）、接种丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）配施糖醇螯合钙均能显著提高草莓果实硬度。同时，不同处理均抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲酯酶（PME）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-Gal）活性的上升，草莓果实软化关键基因FaPG1和FaβGal4在处理后均下调表达。在接种AMF条件下，随着糖醇螯合钙浓度的增加，果实硬度逐渐增强，其中以接种AMF联合施用0.20%糖醇螯合钙溶液效果最好。