黄淮海旱作区土壤压实度空间分布特征及其影响因素

为探究旱作区农田不同层次土壤压实度特征,基于2017年采集的255个土壤样品,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法、地统计学和冗余分析等方法,探究黄淮海旱作区耕作层和压实层空间分布特征,分析不同层次的土壤压实度的空间变异特性及影响因素,并提出了最佳土壤压实度范围。研究结果表明:旱作区耕作层和压实层厚度均呈现由北向南递增的趋势,耕作层最大厚度可达22.50 cm,最低仅有10.21 cm;压实层厚度最大可达17.50 cm,最小值也达到7.50 cm。从不同层次来看,耕作层和压实层的压实度具有空间分布一致性,耕作层压实度高值区主要分布在河南省东部、安徽北部及河北北部地区,最大值可达87.68%以上,低值区则主要集中在山东西北部以及河北南部地区。和压实层压实度相比,耕作层压实度是影响粮食产量的主要因素,且在70%～80%时获得较高产量。分析表明,土壤压实度受到年降水量、平均气温、土壤自然属性等环境因子和机械耕作等人为因素综合作用的影响。研究结果可为黄淮海农田土壤压实情况的改善及管理措施的科学制定提供理论支撑。     

Attractors of Partly Dissipative Reaction-diffusion Equation on Rn

We discuss the problem related to the long time behavior of solutions of the partly dissipative reaction-diffusion equations in unbounded domain,and prove the existence of the compact attractors.The coefficient of the reaction-term depends on space variables,which extend Wang B and Marion M's results.     

浅谈孔隙率对沥青路面的影响

沥青混合料的孔隙率是一个重要的设计参数，其对于沥青路面的强度和使用性能有着重要的影响。在施工时，由于施工条件和设备的影响，不可能达到设计的孔隙率，于是一般要求用压实度作为施工时的一个控制指标，将沥青路面施工后的孔隙率控制在一个可接受的范围。在路面使用的初期，必然会有一段时间处于未完全压实工作状态，这种工作状态下，沥青路面能够提供的是未完全稳定的早期强度。在设计时，需要对比多个级配的混合料，确定合理的早期强度。     

Relationship between Dry Weight at Heading and the Number ofSpikelets on Individual Rice Tillers

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to identify the growth parameters involved in determining the number of spikelets on an individual tiller (ST) and to elucidate how ST is determined in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We examined the correlation of ST with the dry weight (DWT), leaf area (LAT), and the amount of nitrogen (NT) at heading for individual tillers grown under different conditions that were expected to affect spikelet production. In 1999, the japonica rice cultivars “Mineasahi” (short-duration), “Hinohikari” (intermediate-duration), and “Akebono” (long-duration) were transplanted in a paddy field on two different dates (EARLY and LATE). In 2000, Hinohikari was grown under three different treatments (gibberellic acid application, nitrogen topdressing, and thinning of hills at panicle initiation) and without treatment (control). Covariance and partial correlation analyses indicated that ST was positively and essentially correlated with DWT rather than with LAT and NT. The regression of ST on DWT was stable within each cultivar regardless of the treatment, year, tiller order, and number of differentiated spikelets. The slope of the regression was the steepest in the short-duration cultivar. These results suggest that the steep slope is desirable for high-yielding cultivars with large panicles. We conclude that ST is mostly determined by dry matter production of an individual tiller regardless of the number of differentiated spikelets. We present a diagram showing the relationship between dry matter production and the number of differentiated, surviving, and degenerated spikelets on an individual tiller.     

小麦茎顶端原基发育模拟模型的研究

本文系统地模拟了小麦植株茎顶端不同类型原基的发育过程，建立了叶原基分化、小穗原基分化和小花原基分化、退化、败育、受精结实及籽粒生长的子模型。模型引入每小穗分化的最大小花原基数、退化的最大小花原基数和籽粒潜在重量3个遗传参数，分别反映了不同小麦品种小花分化、退化和籽粒生长等方面的遗传差异。利用南京地区     

利用小穗培养克服小麦与玉米杂种的幼胚败育

本研究的结果表明,小穗培养是克服小麦与玉米杂种幼胚败育的一个有效手段。让小麦与玉米的杂交穗在植株上生长14～16天时,获得杂种幼胚的频率仅为0.2％,而在授粉后2天采用小穗培养,则使获得杂种幼胚的频率提高到4.2％,获得杂种幼胚的效率提高21倍。     

不同激素培养基对小麦×玉米杂种幼胚发育的影响

本研究结果表明，采用２，４－Ｄ浸穗法结合低浓度激素培养进行小穗培养，可以明显改善小麦和玉米杂交种颖果、幼胚及胚乳的发育状况，得胚率由２．１％提高到１２．０％；同时表明低浓度激素对杂种发育有着明显的调节作用，但２，４－Ｄ和ＧＡ优于ＫＴ。     

水稻籽粒受容活性及其控制 Ⅳ.汕优63不同部位籽粒的结实能力

1988～1991年,在群体水培条件下,采用大穗型中籼杂交稻汕优63,设计不同生育期氮、磷处理21个,改变结实期灌浆物质的供应水平,研究稻穗上、中、下部一、二次枝梗籽粒的结实能力。结果表明:在灌浆物质供应水平较低时,不同部位籽粒的结实率、千粒重大小与开花早迟顺序一致,随着灌浆物质供应水平的提高,迟开颖花的结实率、千粒重可超过先开颖花,一、二次枝梗籽粒表现有类似趋势,证明迟开颖花的生理劣势可以转变;提高颖花根活量能明显提高稻穗不同部位籽粒的结实率和千粒重,挺高幅度一、二次枝梗籽粒均表现为下部>中部>上部,当颖花根活量达到一定程度时,迟开颖花的千粒重将高于先开颖花。     

耕地资源空间集聚度评价及影响因素——以江苏省睢宁县为例

耕地空间集聚是农地整治目标之一,也是农业现代化的基本要求,现有研究大多是从景观格局视角用多指标对耕地空间集聚进行评价,为了探寻耕地空间集聚的影响因素,本文提出一种单指标评价法。首先综合考虑耕地图斑的位置、形状、面积,定义了耕地图斑的空间集聚度公式,并用程序代码求取每一图斑的集聚度大小;其次以不同图斑的集聚度为因变量,选择相关影响因素为自变量进行计量分析;最后以江苏省睢宁县为例做了实证分析。结果表明:当设定半径指数为2 000 m时,2013年睢宁县耕地空间集聚平均值是0.567 7,总体水平较高,有利于农业现代化生产;坡度、高程、人均GDP、人均耕地、与城市距离、路网密度、基本农田建设对耕地空间集聚水平都有显著影响,且坡度与基本农田建设对耕地集聚的作用弹性较大,而城市距离对空间集聚的作用弹性最小。论文提出的耕地空间集聚度评价方法可为基本农田划定及农地整治提供相关技术支撑。     

Agronomic Performance of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses

Summary

Generally F₁ hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F₁ hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F₁ hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F₁ hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F₁ hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F₁ hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F₁ hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F₁ hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F₁ hybrids.