Roles of emergence time and interspecific competition on the dominance and coexistence of Setaria faberi and Digitaria ciliaris in an orchard weed community in Japan

Setaria faberi and Digitaria ciliaris are summer annual grass weeds that constitute an orchard weed community in Japan. Species dominance in the weed community shifts from S. faberi to D. ciliaris with an emergence delay. The change in species dominance is assumed to be a clue to how weeds dominate or coexist in shaping the community. Population dynamics and seasonal variations in emergence and competitive ability were studied from this viewpoint. Field monitoring and pot experiments exhibited that the emergence period of the two species overlapped extensively from April to June. The emergence of S. faberi began 2 weeks earlier than that of D. ciliaris in April and declined in June as a result of the induction of secondary dormancy. The plant density of D. ciliaris was high during the whole period. The great mortality of the species was replenished with its great natality. The replacement series experiments revealed that S. faberi that had been planted in April was a better competitor than D. ciliaris, but it lost its competitive superiority in the June plantings, when D. ciliaris became a superior competitor to S. faberi. The level of seed output was greater for D. ciliaris, even when it was an inferior competitor. Therefore, the shift in species dominance appeared to be attributed to a change in competitive superiority between the two species. The early emergence of S. faberi and the high plant density of D. ciliaris might accelerate competitive exclusion. The two species coexist when they are equivalent in competitiveness.     

云南怒江干热河谷区咖啡绿蚧周年发生规律研究

对云南怒江干热河谷区咖啡绿蚧的调查表明:咖啡绿蚧单株虫口数量变化与平均温度的变化呈显著正相关(r=0.6984),为害率的变化与单株虫口数量的变化呈极显著正相关(r=0.7651),繁殖速度与平均温度增量呈显著正相关(r=0.6984),扩散传播速度与繁殖速度呈极显著正相关(r=0.8408),周年变化曲线呈双峰曲线。     

河北植物新增补属、种与入侵物种新分布

报道了《河北植物志》与《河北高等植物名录》未记录的植物1属3种1变种。其中拔毒散(Sida szechuen-sis Matsuda)、偃狗尾草[Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv. var. depressa(Honda)Kitag.]在河北省首次记录。     

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CONFUSACRIS FROM DAXING'ANLING AREA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

CONFUSACRISVIRIDISSP.NoV.(FIGS-l-5)Ma1eBodysmaller,headshort,lengthshorterthanpronotum.Vertextri-angle,withdistinctmediancarina.Foveolaeabsent,fronsseeninprofileverysloping.Frontalridgedistinct,withashal-lowgrooveinaIlthelength.Eyesoblong,itsverticaldiameterl.4otimesthehorizon-taldiameter,l.l7timesthelengthofsubocularsuture.Antennanarrowensiformandlonger,itslengthl.74timesthelengthofheadandpronotum;thelengthofmiddlejointl.83timesitswidth.Anteriormarginofpronotumstraight,posteriorma…     

谷子类甜蛋白基因家族的鉴定与密码子偏性分析

类甜蛋白在植物的生长发育和抵御胁迫过程中发挥作用。利用生物信息学方法对谷子类甜蛋白家族基因组成、结构、启动子顺式作用元件、密码子使用偏性等进行分析。结果表明,谷子类甜蛋白家族包含43个成员,分布在9条染色体上,分为3种基因结构类型,其中16个成员仅包含1个外显子,14个包含3个外显子成员的内含子相位均为1-2型。根据系统发育分析归为12个聚类组,聚类组5中的基因主要来自Ⅲ号染色体,聚类组6中的基因主要来自Ⅰ号染色体,其内含子相位多为1-2型,这些基因可能来自同一祖先基因,与进化过程中的染色体重组事件有关。88.4%的基因参与应激反应,多个基因启动子区含有激素和胁迫响应元件,说明该家族基因在植物抵御胁迫过程中发挥作用。多数基因有效密码子数(ENC)较小,密码子的第3位的G+C含量(GC3s)值分布集中,包含10个最优密码子,均以G或C结尾,表明谷子类甜蛋白家族基因密码子使用偏性强,基因表达潜力高,进化过程中主要受自然选择压力影响。     

阳光紫外辐射对2种微藻的短期影响

为了阐明2种赤潮藻柔弱角毛藻(Chaetoceros debilis)和绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)对阳光紫外辐射( UVR,280～400 nm)变化的响应,比较研究了它们在全波段阳光下和滤除UVR/UV-B条件下的有效光化学效率变化,同时探讨了室内无UVR的低光条件下其有效光化学效率的恢复.结果表明,阳光UVR抑制藻细胞的有效光化学效率,其抑制程度随着接受辐射处理时间的延长而增大,在10 min左右细胞内的修复与损伤速率达到平衡,抑制率不变,且阳光UVR对二种藻的抑制程度相差不大.转移到无UVR的弱光条件下,藻细胞的有效光化学效率得到恢复,但恢复过程中柔弱角毛藻恢复明显快于绿色巴夫藻,体现了不同藻细胞对阳光UVR响应的种间差异.     

Genetic variation in seed production and its components in four cultivars of the pasture grass Setaria sphacelata

Variation in seed production and its components was investigated between and within four cultivars of the pasture grass Setaria sphacelata, in two experiments over two years, as a basis for future cultivar improvement. The study sought to determine the basis for the considerable differences in seed production of the four cultivars Nandi, Narok, Solander and Kazungula, to determine the extent of genetic variation in the four cultivars in attributes which contribute to seed yield, and to investigate genotypic consistency in seed production over years and seasons. Each experiment comprised 50 genotypes of each cultivar. In the first experiment, plants were harvested a set number of days after median flowering date whereas in the second experiment, which was unreplicated, each genotype was harvested a set number of days after it had flowered. In the first experiment, seed yields were generally highest for Kazungula, lowest for Narok and intermediate for Nandi and Solander. All measured attributes contributing to seed yield exhibited a high order of variation between and within cultivars, but the basis for the large difference in seed yield per plant between cultivars was tiller fertility rather that total tiller number. Averaged over the four harvests, there was a six fold to > 100–fold intra-cultivar genetic range in seed production, associated with differences in tiller fertility, which were associated with differences in date of first flowering. Broad sense heritability for seed yield averaged 0.68 for the four cultivars and showed little change over the four harvests. Genotypes which produced high seed yields in summer were also more productive of seed in autumn and the 0ore productive genotypes in the first year were also more productive in the second year. Cultivars differed in the relative importance of factors which contributed to the high seed yield of high-yielding genotypes. In the second experiment, genotypes with a high seed yield also generally had the highest tiller fertility, even though all genotypes were harvested the same number of days after first flowering. Within-cultivar correlations in seed yield between the two experiments were generally significant and the elite 20% of genotypes from this experiment had 1.2–2.9 times the seed yield of the same genotypes with a very different harvesting regime in the first experiment. It is concluded that opportunities exist in all four cultivars for improvement in seed production and that the selection criterion offering the best opportunity for advance would be fertile tiller number. In Narok, Solander and Nandi, this would result in increased tiller fertility, whereas in Kazungula, it would result in an increase in total tiller number. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Interspecific hybridization between foxtail millet cultivars (Setaria italica) and a green foxtail (S. viridis) resistant to the herbicide sethoxydim were undertaken to breed foxtail millet for improved herbicide resistance. Parents, reciprocal F₁ hybrids, F₂ selfed derived populations and BC₁ backcross progeny were produced and analysed for mortality and fresh weight over a range of dosages. All resistant progeny were 700 times more resistant than susceptible cultivars and was symptom free under current field dosages. Segregations of resistant and susceptible progeny (3:1 in F₂ and 1:1 in BC₁) were not dependent upon dosage. Heterozygous individuals displayed the same magnitude of resistance as homozygous plants at twelve times the recommended field dosage. Results suggested that sethoxydim resistance in foxtail millet was controlled by a single, completely dominant, nuclear gene. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.