利用激素诱导水稻单性生殖的研究

试验结果表明，利用植物激素能有效的诱导出杂交水稻第一代（F1）单性生殖种子。诱导时宜在早造杀雄后3－4d，采用6－BA（50mg/L)或NAA（25mg/L) 2,4-D(25mg/L)作诱导剂可提高诱导效果，增加单性生殖种子的结实率。     

马铃薯双单倍体诱导及辅助育种研究进展

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是继水稻、小麦、玉米之后全球第四大粮食作物。然而生产上种植的马铃薯多为四倍体普通栽培种,且由于其复杂的四体遗传和高度杂合的基因组等因素,严重阻碍了马铃薯遗传育种和品种改良的进程。人工诱导方法尤其是孤雌生殖诱导产生马铃薯双单倍体是解决上述问题的有效途径。马铃薯双单倍体不仅有助于普通栽培种马铃薯遗传改良,而且还可以二体遗传模式进行农艺性状遗传解析。概述了马铃薯双单倍体的育种应用、诱导方法、影响因素、鉴定方法等方面的研究进展,同时探讨了马铃薯双单倍体诱导的研究方向。     

Little effect of forest age on oribatid mites on the bark of trees

This study investigates the effect of forest age (20-, 50-, 160-year-old, and primeval forest) on oribatid mite communities on the bark of oak trees in the National Park Pusza Białowieża in eastern Poland. We hypothesized that oribatid mite diversity on bark peaks at forests of intermediate age and that the number of parthenogenetic species of oribatid mites is highest in young stands. In contrast to these hypotheses, the diversity, density, number of juveniles, community structure and the mode of reproduction of oribatid mite species were not significantly affected by forest age. None of the oribatid mite species occurred exclusively on trees of a specific age. The results suggest that oribatid mite communities on the bark of trees are minimally affected by tree harvesting regimes. In contrast to oribatid mites in soil, communities on bark appear to be less sensitive to disturbances.     

玉米单倍体的诱导及其化学加倍方法

介绍了玉米单倍体的获得途径和加倍方法,展望了单倍体技术在玉米育种中的应用前景。     

不同早实核桃品种的生殖特性研究

[目的]研究不同早实核桃品种生殖特性。[方法]以“绿早”、“绿岭”、“香玲”、“辽1”和“辽3”5个早实核桃品种为试材,研究了开花物候期、孤雌生殖能力和花粉形状与大小等生殖特性。[结果]雄先型品种“绿岭”、“香玲”、“辽3”和“辽1”雄花花期（自雄花散粉初期至散粉末期）分别为14、16、11和12d,一般为12—16d,雌花花期（雌花开放初期至未花期）分别为9、9、11和8d,一般为8—11d;雌先型品种“绿旱”雄花花期一般为15～17d左右,雌花花期为10～12d。在所测定的不同早实核桃品种中“绿岭”的孤雌生殖率最高,为42．10％,“绿早”的孤雌生殖率最低,仅为11．64％;“绿早”和“辽3”的花粉生活力均在93．00％以上,“香玲”的花粉生活力极显著低于其他品种．有生命力的花粉仅占62．72％。[结论]为进一步研究旱实核桃的生殖特性提供借鉴。     

奶牛卵母细胞体外受精和胚胎培养研究

[目的]探讨适合于奶牛体外胚胎生产的最佳条件。[方法]以奶牛卵母细胞为试验材料,研究不同温度、运送时间对奶牛卵母细胞成熟的影响,并比较在相同培养条件下孤雌激活和体外受精对奶牛卵母细胞胚胎发育的影响。[结果]卵巢在37—42℃运输后的成熟率（11．3％）明显低于20—30℃、30-37℃的成熟率（79．3％,85．1％）,20～30℃、30～37℃组间差异不显著;运送时间6h后的卵母细胞成熟率（53．2％）明显低于4h内、4—6h的成熟率（85．6％,77．8％）,4h内、4～6h差异不显著;孤雌激活和体外受精胚胎在相同条件下的卵裂率（72．41％,68．18％）、8细胞率（45．24％,47．22％）、囊胚率（25．60％,18．89％）差异均不显著。[结论]卵巢在30℃左右4h内运回实验室最适宜,而孤雌激活和体外受精胚胎在相同条件下发育率差异不显著。     

两种激活处理促进小鼠孤雌胚胎原核形成

不同人工处理方法激活哺乳动物卵母细胞的机理相似,但其激活效率存在差异。本研究以昆明（KM）、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1雌鼠来源的卵母细胞为对象,利用氯化锶（SrCl2,Sr2＋）联合细胞松弛素B（cytochalasin B,CB）（Sr2＋＋CB）和离子霉素（ionomycin,Ion）联合6-二甲胺基嘌呤（6-dimethylaminopurine,6-DMAP）（Ion＋6-DMAP）两种激活方法处理下对比分析不同品系小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率,并以卵母细胞原核形成率、原核数量和孤雌胚胎体外发育来评价两种激活剂的激活效率。研究结果表明,Ion＋6-DMAP激活卵的1原核比率显著高于2原核（p〈0.05）,Sr2＋＋CB激活卵的2原核比率显著高于1原核（p〈0.05）;KM、129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1各组孤雌胚胎卵裂率和激活率没有显著差异（P〉0.05）,但129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1囊胚发育率显著高于KM组（p〈0.05）。3种小鼠品系的卵母细胞用Sr2＋＋CB处理的孤雌胚胎发育率显著高于Ion＋6-DMAP。结果证明,Sr2＋＋CB处理小鼠卵母细胞的激活效率明显优于Ion＋6-DMAP;129/Sv×KM F1和C3H×KM F1的孤雌胚胎体外发育率显著高于KM小鼠,为研究小鼠遗传背景影响孤雌胚胎发育的机理提供参考。     

我国玉米单倍体育种技术研究进展

介绍了我国玉米单倍体产生途径、鉴定方法以及加倍方法的研究进展,并对单倍体技术在玉米育种中的应用价值进行了概述。     

Adaptive strategies of Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae,Oligochaeta), a peregrine geophagous earthworm of the humid tropics

Summary Pontoscolex corethrurus is a medium-sized geophagous earthworm species which has invaded most cultivated land in the humid tropics. It is generally found in gardens, cropland and fallowland, where it has been introduced accidentally by man. The species has quite narrow microclimatic requirements. Reproduction only occurs at 23°–27°C, and the worms are fully active only where soil moisture is well above field capacity (pF 2.5). This limitation is balanced by the ability to live in a great Variety of soils differing in pH, organic matter content and texture. The demographic profile is typically of the r type, which gives populations a colonization capacity greater than that of comparable native species. This can be explained by the limited size of individuals and the great efficiency of their mutualist digestion system, in association with the free soil microflora. As a result, growth is fast and a great amount of energy may be invested in reproduction, which is made even more efficient by parthenogenesis.     

High levels of genetic differentiation between Wolbachia-infected and non-infected populations of Folsomia candida (Collembola, Isotomidae)

The Gram-negative -Proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis has been described as an obligate endosymbiont in many arthropod species, where it induces a variety of reproductive alterations, including parthenogenesis. Recently, this microorganism has also been detected in the parthenogenetic collembolan Folsomia candida. Here, we confirm the occurrence of the endosymbiont also in two Italian parthenogenetic populations of F. candida using ultrastructural (electron microscopy) and molecular (PCR screening on two bacterial genes) evidence. The strain isolated in the Italian populations has almost-identical gene sequences compared to that previously isolated in other populations of F. candida. In addition, we discovered a population of Folsomia cf. candida, which showed the presence of both males and females. This population is not infected by Wolbachia. A screening of two mitochondrial genes (COI and COII) showed that the bisexual population has high levels of genetic divergence in comparison with the parthenogenetic ones, even suggesting the possibility that it belongs to a different species. Furthermore, the remarkably high levels of genetic divergence between the two parthenogenetic populations suggests a possible influence of Wolbachia on inducing such differentiation, and, in the long term, speciation.