不同生育阶段燕麦对干旱胁迫的响应

设中度干旱(MD,土壤田间最大持水量的55±5%)、重度干旱(SD,土壤田间最大持水量的35±5%)两个处理,研究干旱胁迫对温室盆栽燕麦不同生育阶段(苗期、分蘖期、拔节期)的生长性状、叶绿素荧光参数以及根系形态的影响。结果表明,与正常供水(CK)相比,干旱胁迫处理均显著(P<0.05)降低了燕麦苗期、分蘖期、拔节期3个生育阶段地上部生物量、株高以及叶片光合荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo。干旱胁迫下,燕麦根系表现出明显的形态可塑性,苗期通过增加根长、分支数和细根数(直径≤0.48mm)来响应干旱胁迫,分蘖期主要通过减少根长、分支数来响应干旱胁迫,拔节期主要通过减缓各级根系的生长并增加根的分级数来响应干旱胁迫。     

Impact of native form oat β-glucan on starch digestion and postprandial glycemia

Whole grain oats, as a rich source of β-glucan, have been shown beneficial to glycemic control. In the current study, the impact of native form β-glucan in oat grains (NFO-glucan) on starch digestion and postprandial glycemia was investigated. The dry-milling prepared NFO-glucan sample was enriched with native form β-glucan (15.6%), and an in vitro starch digestion assay of NFO-glucan (0.5% starch equivalent) showed a significant decrease of starch digestion rate compared to oat starch (0.5%, w/v). However, pretreatment by either β-glucanase or pepsin significantly increased the starch digestion. Consistently, an in vivo examination on the postprandial glycemia of the cooked NFO-glucan sample using a mouse model displayed a significant decrease of postprandial glycemia compared to gelatinized oat starch. Further experiment on the pasting property of NFO-glucan sample by a rapid visco-analyser demonstrated both β-glucan and protein affected its viscosity profiles. Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) observation revealed a network-like native structure of β-glucan that might encapsulate protein and starch to reduce the enzyme accessibility and so the digestion of starch. Novel food processing technologies to maintain the native form of β-glucan in oat grains might be a better way to modulate the postprandial glycemia of oat-based whole grain foods.     

Detect unique molecular structure associated with physiochemical properties in CDC varieties of oat grain with unique nutrient traits [Feed Type vs. Milling Type] in comparison with barley grain using advanced molecular spectroscopy as a non-destructive biological tool

The objective of this study was to determinate grain unique protein inherent molecular structure that are related physiochemical and nutrient profiles in CDC developed oat varieties [CDC Nasser (Feed Type) and CDC Seabiscuit (Milling Type)] grown in cool climate condition in western Canada in comparison with conventional barley variety of CDC Meredith as a control using advanced molecular spectroscopy. Multivariate analyses, including an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (CLA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to identify protein molecular structural differences among the grains. The results revealed that CDC Seabiscuit contained greater (P < 0.05) protein structural Amide I and II than CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith, while the greater (P < 0.005) structural Amide I to II area and height ratios was detected in CDC Meredith. New oat grains had greater (P < 0.05) β-sheet height than barley grains, however, there was no difference in α-helix to β-sheet ratio values among the varieties. In conclusion, CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith had no difference in protein molecular structural features, while CDC Seabiscuit contains different protein structural characteristics as compared to CDC Meredith grain. The molecular structure features are highly associated with physiochemical and nutrient profiles in grains, which indicate that it also affect nutrient utilization and availability.     

干旱胁迫下腐植酸对燕麦叶片光合性能的调控效应

为明确腐植酸在干旱胁迫下对燕麦叶片光合性能的调控效应,以燕麦品种燕科二号为试验材料,采用盆栽方式,分别在正常供水(75%田间持水量)、中度干旱胁迫(60%田间持水量)和重度干旱胁迫(45%田间持水量)3个水分条件喷施腐植酸和等量清水(CK),分析了干旱胁迫下喷施腐植酸后燕麦叶片光合色素含量、光合特性、干物质积累及产量的变化。结果表明,随着土壤水分的减少,燕麦叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度、干物质积累量、产量及其构成因素均呈下降趋势。在正常供水条件下,喷施HA处理的各指标值与CK差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,与CK相比,喷施腐殖酸后各指标值均不同程度提高,其中在重度干旱胁迫下提高幅度较大,且差异均达到显著水平。由此说明,干旱胁迫条件下喷施腐植酸可改善燕麦叶片的光合性能,促进干物质积累和增加产量,且在重度干旱胁迫条件下效果最明显。     

2种除草剂对燕麦产量、杂草防除及后茬作物安全性的影响

试验采用前期筛选的2种最佳除草剂仲丁灵和二甲·辛酰溴施用于燕麦田(Avena sativa),调查燕麦鲜草、种子产量及防效,并初步研究不同浓度除草剂对后茬植物出苗率、株高及鲜重的影响。结果表明:药后15 d,30 d株防效及鲜重防效表现为施用高浓度二甲·辛酰溴中浓度二甲·辛酰溴高浓度仲丁灵。表明与对照相比,所有处理对燕麦产量均有增产作用,2种除草剂都在中浓度增效明显,且二甲·辛酰溴优于仲丁灵。低浓度除草剂处理过的土壤对后茬冬油菜及皮、裸燕麦出苗无影响,在中、低浓度下对后茬成株期株高和鲜重有促进作用,而高浓度除草剂对后茬出苗率及成株期生长有抑制作用。仲丁灵中浓度对后茬影响最小,高浓度二甲·辛酰溴对后茬抑制最大。因此建议燕麦田施用40%仲丁灵和40%二甲·辛酰溴分别不超过5625和2025 mL·hm~(-2)。     

水分胁迫处理对燕麦生长的影响及其燕麦品种抗旱性的综合评价

以张家口市农业科学院培育的6个燕麦品种为试材,采用水、旱2种处理方法,研究了水分胁迫对燕麦生长的影响。并分别利用抗旱指数法和抗旱性隶属函数法,对参试燕麦品种的抗旱性进行了评价。结果表明：水分胁迫对燕麦生长和产量产生不利影响,但是不同品种对干旱的反应能力不同;利用2种方法评价的燕麦品种抗旱性顺序基本一致,其中坝莜3号和品5号抗旱性较强,坝莜6号抗旱性最差。该结果可为今后的燕麦育种工作提供一定的理论依据。     

Effect of size reduction by freeze-milling on processing properties of beta-glucan oat bran

An effect of freeze-milling on processing properties of beta-glucan oat bran has been evaluated. A comparison with existing, patented methods of high molecular weight oat beta-glucan has been carried out. The new method employs raw material pre-treatment with freezing and milling in a hammer mill, resulting in significant reduction of particle size – 89% was between 80 and 50 μm in comparison with initial material when 79% were between 250 and 200 μm. Reduction of particle size also improved some process parameters of extraction technology – 30% improvement in fat removal during first stage of beta-glucan recovery was observed. The achieved pilot plant yield of product containing beta-glucan extraction was 64,03%, purity (ie. beta-glucan content), of achieved product was 84,4% and average molecular weight was about 69,500 g/mol.     

氮素形态对燕麦生长和根际pH值的影响

试验采用溶液培养的方法，研究了NO3^-—N和NH4^ —N2种不同形态氮素对燕麦营养生长、氮代谢及根际pH值的影响。结果表明：在NO3^-—N和NH4^ —N两种形态氮素同时存在的营养介质中，燕麦生长明显优于单一供应NH4^ —N或NO3^-—N处理，且植株生长量特别是根系生长量随着NO3^-—N在氮源中比例的提高而增加；燕麦吸收NO3^-—N和NH4^ —N会对根际pH值产生不同影响，吸收NO3^-—N时，根际pH值逐渐升高，而吸收NH4^—N却使根际pH值有所降低。     

用GGE双标图分析燕麦区域试验品系产量稳定性及试点代表性

为准确评价燕麦品系的稳产性和适应性,采用GGE双标图对2006—2008年国家燕麦区域试验10个试点的12个裸燕麦品系及6个参试地点的6个皮燕麦品系试验数据进行分析。结果显示,坝莜8号、坝莜3号和张燕2号属于高产、稳产性较好的品系;科燕1号和保罗具有特殊适应性,在局部地区有推广价值。在10个裸燕麦试点中,河北张北最具有代表性,吉林白城、新疆乌鲁木齐、河北崇礼、宁夏固原和内蒙古武川的鉴别力较好,而甘肃会宁和山西右玉的鉴别力较差。在6个皮燕麦试点中,内蒙古武川最具有代表性,青海西宁的鉴别力最好,河北张北的鉴别力较差。本研究为客观评价燕麦参试品系的高产性及稳产性提供了简便、有效的分析手段,也为国家燕麦品种鉴定与推广提供了依据。