施氮水平对7S亚基缺失大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮的影响

为有效推广功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品种,以7S亚基缺失大豆品系东富2号为研究对象,设置4种施氮水平(纯N),N0(0 mg·kg~(-1))、N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))、N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))、N3(75 mg·kg~(-1)),采用桶栽法研究大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明:N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根系干重加大,根冠比增大,根瘤固氮潜力高,单株产量较高。N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根长、根表面积、根体积在生育后期增长较快,根系干重较大,根冠比低,固氮酶活性最高,单株籽粒产量最高。N3(75 mg·kg~(-1))水平下植株干重较大,无效生长较多,根瘤数少,固氮潜力和根冠比低,单株产量不高。综合籽粒产量和根系特性指标,功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品系东富2号的适宜施肥量为25~50 mg·kg~(-1)。     

花生根瘤固氮酶活性与氮素种肥和籽粒蛋白质含量的关系

花生品种间根瘤量的变化有明显的差异,大粒种大于小粒种。特异固氮酶活性,品种间差异不显著,小粒种略高于大粒种,全生育期固氮酶活性出现两次高峰,与单株根瘤量的增长相一致。氮素种肥能抑制根瘤数和固氮酶活性,其抑制程度与氮肥量呈正相关,抑制时间发生在生育前期。固氮活性与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著的正相关。     

花生硝酸还原酶与根瘤中固氮酶活性的研究

花生品种间根瘤量的变化有显著差异,但每克根瘤中固氮酶活性则差异不显著。固氮酶活性在全生育期出现两次高峰,分别在下针期和结荚期,而单株根瘤中固氮酶活性和单株根瘤量均在结荚期出现一次高峰。花生主茎复叶硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)在生育前期出现一次高峰,其活性的高低与品种耐肥性呈负相关。NRA 和根瘤中固氮酶活性有正相关     

Effect of nitrogen levels and Rhizobium strains on symbiotic N2 fixation and grain yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes in normal and saline-sodic soils

Summary Following screening, selection, characterization, and symbiotic N₂ fixation with 12,5, 25.0, and 40.0 mg N kg^–1 in normal and saline-sodic soils, only two Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes (HUR 137 and VL 63) and two Rhizobium spp. strains (ND 1 and ND 2) produced maximum nodulation, nitrogenase activity, plant N contents, and grain yields in saline-sodic soil, with 12.5 mg N kg^–1, compared with the other strains. However, interactions between strains (USDA 2689, USDA 2674, and ND 5) and genotypes (PDR 14, HUR 15, and HUR 138) were significant and resulted in more nodulation, and greater plant N contents, nitrogenase activity, and grain yields in normal soils with 12.5 mg N kg^–1 compared with salt-tolerant strains. Higher levels of N inhibited nodulation and nitrogenase activity without affecting grain yields. To achieve high crop yields from saline-sodic and normal soils in the plains area, simultaneous selection of favourably interacting symbionts is necessary for N economy, so that bean yields can be increased by the application of an active symbiotic system.     

The effect of earthworms (Lumbricidae) on nitrogenase activity in soil

Summary Nitrogenase activity associated with earthworms, their faeces and activity in soil was measured by the acetylene reduction technique. A clear increase in nitrogenase activity was found in field-deposited casts of Aporrectodea caliginosa in comparison with surrounding soil, although potential nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in soil than in casts. Nitrogenase activity associated directly with earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus ) was detected, indicating the presence of active N₂-fixing bacteria on the body surface and/or in the gut. Laboratory experiments showed that nitrogenase activity in the casts of L. rubellus was higher than in unmodified soil, and that nitrogenase activity in soil was significantly increased by the burrowing and feeding activity of these worms. This paper discusses the possible causes of these earthworm effects on soil nitrogenase activity and some methodological problems of determining the nitrogenase activity.     

Role of Azospirillum brasilense nitrate reductase in nitrate assimilation by wheat plants

Summary The nitrogen metabolism of wheat plants inoculated with various Azospirillum brasilense strains and nitrate reductase negative (NR^–) mutants was studied in two monoxenic test tube experiments. The spontaneous mutants selected with chlorate under anaerobic conditions with nitrite as terminal electron acceptor fixed N₂ in the presence of 10 mM NO₃ ^– and were stable after the plant passage. One strain (Sp 245) isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots produced significant increases in plant weight at both NO₃ levels (1 and 10 mM) which were not observed with the NR^– mutants or with the two other strains. Similar effects were observed in a pot experiment with soil on dry weight and total N incorporation but only at the higher N fertilizer level. In the monoxenic test tube experiments plants inoculated with the mutants showed lower nitrogenase activities than NR⁺ strains at the low NO₃ ^– level (1 = mM) but maintained the same level of activity with 10 mM NO₃ ^– where the activity of all NR⁺ strains was completely repressed. The nitrate reductase activity of roots increased with the inoculation of the homologous strains and with the mutants at both NO₃ ^– levels. At the low NO₃ ^– level this also resulted in increased activity in the shoots, but at the high NO₃ ^– level the two homologous strains produced significantly lower nitrate reductase activity in shoots while the mutants more than doubled it. The possible role of the bacterial nitrate reductase in NO₃ ^– assimilation by the wheat plant is discussed.     

Estimation of associative nitrogen fixation in relation to water regime and plant nutrition in a long-term pot experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The contribution of associative N₂ fixation to the N nutrition of lowland rice was estimated in a long-term pot experiment with ten consecutive crops of rice. The experiment comprised two N and two K levels with wet (WF) and dry fallow (DF) between the cropping seasons. Growth of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria was prevented. Greatest yields were obtained in the high NK fertilizer treatment, but with continuation of the experiment yields responsed more to DF than to WF. Nitrogenase activity, however, was favoured by WF. Higher K application increased and higher N application decreased nitrogenase activity. Under WF treatments the organic C and total N contents of the soil remained unchanged during the experimental period, but alternate drying and flooding in DF treatments caused a decline. Lower N fertilizer rates in the second five-crop period did not affect yields, but increased the ratio of N removed to N applied. For the ten-crop period the estimated N balance was positive in the low-N and negative in the high-N treatments. N balances were also established separately for both the first and the second halves of the ten-crop period. In the first period N losses were higher, and the N balance was mostly negative. In the second period only high-N combined with low-K fertilization resulted in a negative N balance. DF favoured N losses in the first but not in the second period. The highest N gain in the second period was found in the DF treatment with low-N and high-K application. In this treatment, nearly one-quarter of the N taken up by the above-ground parts of the plants could be ascribed to associative N₂ fixation. In the corresponding treatment with the higher N level and a 49% higher yield, the contribution of fixed N declined to less than 5%. When harvested straw contained more than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was mostly negative, while at N contents less than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was generally positive.     

Effect of high temperature on growth,nitrogen fixation,and chlorophyll content of five species of Azolla Anabaena symbiosis

Summary Cultures of Azolla sp. ST-SI, A. microphylla BR-GI, A. mexicana BR-GL, A. caroliniana WT-V, and A. filiculoides BR -H were grown in N-free International Rice Research Institute growth medium in the glasshouse at 38±1 °C (day) and 25±1 °C (night) under a light intensity of 350 Em²s^–1 for 27 days. Biomass, chlorophyll contents and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay) were recorded on the 19th and 27th day. For comparison the same parameters were studied in Azolla spp. under normal growth conditions at 26±1 °C (day) and 19±1 °C (night). Azolla sp. STSI and A. microphylla BR-GI had produced a larger biomass by the 19th and the 27th day of incubation than A. caroliniana WTV and A. filiculoides which showed poor growth. Under normal growth conditions A. caroliniana WTV and A. filiculoides BRH produced less biomass than the other Azolla spp. cultures tested. A. mexicana BR-GL had a higher total chlorophyll content in both incubation periods than A. caroliniana WT-V and A. filiculoides BR-H. The N content was high in Azolla sp. ST-SI, A. microphylla BR-GI, and A. mexicana BR-GL compared with the low N content of A. filiculoides BR-H and A. caroliniana WT-V. At the higher temperature (38±1 °C/25±1 °C) Azolla sp. ST-SI and A. microphylla BR-GI consistently showed a higher growth rate than A. filiculoides BR-H and A. caroliniana WTV, while the growth rate of A. mexicana BR-GL was intermediate.The study was carried out at C.F. Kettering Research Laboratory, Yellowsprings, OH - 45387, USA     

外源氮对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响及其相关关系研究

以‘甘农3号’为研究材料,采用室外(防雨网室)盆栽营养液砂培法,模拟土壤中2种氮素形态(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)的存在形式,研究混合态氮(NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N为1:1)的5个供氮水平(0,105,210,315,420 mg·L^-1)对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响并筛选出最佳氮浓度;在筛选出的最佳氮浓度下研究2种形态(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)氮的7种不同的配比NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N(1/7,1/3,3/5,5/5,5/3、3/1,7/1)对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响;并对根瘤固氮酶活性和酰脲含量之间的相关关系进行了分析。研究表明:最能促进紫花苜蓿酰脲累积和根瘤固氮能力的外源氮浓度为210 mg·L^-1;最佳混合型态氮配比为NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N=1/3。2种试验处理下紫花苜蓿地上部分酰脲含量(y)与固氮酶活性(x)之间分别存在显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),可分别用y=0.0321x+0.4759(R=0.911)和y=0.0313x+0.5545(R=0.960)表示,且2模型高度相似,这为寻求生产中评估紫花苜蓿固氮能力的简便方法提供理论依据。     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.