根系分区交替滴灌条件下葡萄根系分布特征及生长动态

采用原位取土法和根系生态监测系统连续两年研究了葡萄的根系空间分布和全生育期根系生长动态,结果表明:葡萄根系在水平方向主要分布在距离树干100 cm的范围内,占到总根系的80％以上,而且在径向方向呈指数衰减;葡萄根系在垂直方向主要分布在0～60 cm范围的土层内,占到总根系的75％以上.根系分区交替滴灌条件下干燥区与湿润区根系生长是不同的,葡萄的新生根系受到土壤水分条件的限制和自身生长的影响.在整个生育期,葡萄根系分区交替滴灌两侧根系生长均呈抛物线变化.     

Estimating the production and mortality of fine roots in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation using a minirhizotron technique

Fine roots are a key component of forested ecosystems, but available information is still limited. This study examined the production and mortality of fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation located on the Kanto Plain in central Japan. We used a minirhizotron technique in combination with soil coring, and collected data for 1 year (May 2002–May 2003). Fine root production and mortality were determined from changes in the lengths of individual fine roots on minirhizotron tubes. Both fine root production and mortality rates were greater in the upper soil than in lower soil levels. Both rates were seasonal, with higher values in summer than in winter; this trend was more pronounced in upper soil levels. These results suggest that environmental conditions, such as temperature or soil properties, affect the production and mortality rates of fine roots. Fine root production and mortality occurred simultaneously, and their rates were similar, which may have led to unclear seasonal changes in fine root standing crop estimates. Soil coring indicated that the fine root biomass of this stand was about 120 g m⁻², of which 40% was from Japanese cedar. The estimated rates of dry matter production and mortality of total fine roots, including understory plants, were both approximately 300 g m⁻² year⁻¹.     

A Review of Fine Root Dynamics in Populus Plantations

Production of native and hybridized varieties of Populus has received considerable interest in temperate regions as an alternative to agricultural crops and an additional wood source, while acting as a potential carbon (C) sink to offset emissions of fossil fuel-based greenhouse gases. Research of root system dynamics in Populus species is expanding, however, our understanding of the nature and role of fine roots (FR) is incomplete. The study objective, therefore, was to review the literature regarding FR production, mortality and longevity in Populus, and evaluate the magnitude and significance of the FR fraction to C sequestration. FRs, conventionally defined as less than 2 mm in diameter and responsible for water and nutrient uptake, are an essential component of the tree. Populus FRs are relatively short-lived, with reported lifespans ranging from 30 to 300 days, depending on root diameter, tree species and age, and soil environmental factors. Standing FR biomass fluctuates throughout the growing season. Fine root production generally peaks in mid-summer, and ranges between 1.0 and 5.0 mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while FR mortality has less seasonal amplitude. Production and mortality dynamics in Populus are highly plastic in response to soil environmental conditions, and although opposing conclusions have been proposed, research suggests soil moisture and nitrogen to be most important. Results from the literature indicate annual FR turnover to the soil C pool may be small (0.2–1.6 mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but substantial in maintaining or enhancing C levels in natural and managed stands of Populus.     

黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖模式下冬小麦耗水特征及根系生长规律研究

为探究黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖模式对冬小麦耗水及根系生长的影响,采用微根管动态监测技术,连续两年对比分析平作不覆盖（T0）、秸秆覆盖平作（T1）、半膜覆盖垄作（T2）和垄上覆膜沟覆秸秆（T3）4种处理下冬小麦不同生育时期0~130 cm土层根系密度及土壤水分的变化。结果表明,与T0处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理对冬小麦耗水总量无显著影响,T1、T2和T3处理的水分利用效率分别提高25.42%、 9.68%和 20.13%。T1、T2和T3处理均会减小冬小麦根系富集深度,使根系分布深度上移,根系富集区离地表深度表现为T2相似文献   

玉米生长后期的根系分布研究

为了研究玉米生长后期根系的生长发育规律,利用中国气象局固城农业气象试验站大型根剖面系统,采用微根管观测系统及方形整段标本法和地下根系室玻璃窗,对‘屯玉46号’玉米根系的生长状况进行了试验研究。结果表明:垂直方向上,方形整段标本法和微根管法测得的根长密度占整层总根长密度比例的变化趋势一致,相关系数分别为0.987和0.717,且两种方法在0~20 cm土层的根长密度比例均为最大。0~60 cm土层为玉米根系生长活跃区,方形整段标本法测得根长密度生长量为其余层的4倍。两种方法测得的根长密度无显著差异,相关系数为0.830,均匀性水平较好。玉米成熟期根系的水平幅度较乳熟期窄,下层根系仍处于生长中,垂直深度增加。玻璃窗与方形整段标本法观测的根深测定结果存在差异,这可能与观测环境条件不一致有关。     

基于微根管技术的盐胁迫下小麦根系生长原位监测方法

常用的作物根系生长监测一般采用破坏性采样方法,如土钻法和挖掘法等,虽然精度较高,但很难实现对作物根系生长的原位重复观测。采用桶栽法,利用微根管技术对分蘖期、返青期、拔节期和孕穗期的小麦根系进行了连续观测和采样,获取不同盐胁迫下小麦根长密度和根长等参数,研究不同生长时期小麦根系生长参数随土壤深度分布的规律。结果显示,微根管法获得的小麦根长密度与土钻法所得到的结果呈极显著正相关(r=0.91),且在拔节期和孕穗期二者的相关性最好。通过不同时期根系图像对比及根系参数分析发现,小麦根系在0～10 cm土层分布最多,并随深度增加而减少。此外,随着土壤盐含量的增加,各生长期根长变短;在分蘖期,土壤盐分含量最高(S5,盐分含量6.61 g·kg–1)的小麦根系长度不足对照处理的1/2,至孕穗期,其根系长度甚至低至对照处理的1/3,说明小麦根系受盐分胁迫影响较大,且以孕穗期受胁迫程度最严重,尤其当土壤盐含量超过3 g·kg–1时影响最明显。由此可见,与传统破坏性取样方法相比,微根管技术结合图像处理技术可更好地快速、无损获取小麦根系生长的相关参数,为盐渍化区域作物根系的原位观测研究提供了新的方法。     

Root Growth of Two Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars Grown under Different Groundwater Level Conditions

Abstract

Soybean yield is low in the fields with a low groundwater level during summer due to drought stress. By raising the groundwater level using Farm-Oriented Enhancing Aquatic System (FOEAS) the yield of soybean cultivar Sachiyutaka can be increased, but not that of Fukuyutaka. Here, we examined the effect of the groundwater level on root growth and its dynamics in these two cultivars. Three of the four experiments demonstrated that root elongation ceased just below groundwater level in both cultivars. However, when the groundwater level was kept at 35 cm or deeper, the root growth at an early growth stage was more vigorous at a deeper layer in Fukuyutaka than in Sachiyutaka, but at the mid-growth stage root growth in Sachiyutaka became similar to or exceeded that of Fukuyutaka. These results indicated that the optimum control technique for the groundwater level differed with the cultivar. The groundwater level for Sachiyutaka should be kept relatively high at an early growth stage. Further studies will be needed to clarify the optimum control technique for maximizing the yield of Fukuyutaka that have a fast root growth at an early growth stage.     

Estimation of the fine root biomass in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation using minirhizotrons

We estimated fine root biomass in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation using a min-irhizotron technique. Since data obtained from minirhizo-trons are limited to the length and diameter of fine roots observed on minirhizotron tubes, data conversion is necessary to determine the fine root biomass per unit soil volume or unit stand area. We first examined the regression between diameter squared and weight per unit length of fine roots in soil core samples, and calculated the fine root biomass on minirhizotron tubes from their length and diameter. Then we determined conversion factors based on the ratio of the fine root biomass in soil core samples to that on minirhizotron tubes. We examined calculation methods, using a single conversion factor for total fine root biomass in the soil for depths of 0–40cm (Cal1), or using four conversion factors for fine roots in the soil at 10-cm intervals (Cal2). Cal1 overestimated fine root biomass in the lower soil or underestimated that in the upper soil, while fine root biomass calculated using Cal2 better matched that in soil core samples. These results suggest that minirhizotron data should be converted separately for different soil depths to better estimate fine root biomass.     

Biomass production and allocation, including fine-root turnover, and annual N uptake in lysimeter-grown basket willows

Annual net primary production (NPP) and N uptake were estimated for lysimeter-grown basket willows (Salix viminalis L.) during 3 years after planting. The willows were grown in a stand structure and continuously supplied with water and liquid fertilizer through drip tubes. The lysimeters contained either clay from the site or washed quartz sand. Shoot growth and leaf litter were measured and fine-root dynamics observed in minirhizotrons. Destructive samples were taken annually in late autumn and entire root systems were washed out. Dry mass and N content of all plant parts were determined. Fine-root production was estimated by two methods, based on destructive samplings and observations in minirhizotrons.

The proportion of biomass allocated below ground increased considerably when estimates based on accumulated NPP were compared with those based on standing dry mass. In the first year, 49 and 58% of annual NPP in willows grown in clay and sand, respectively, was belowground. In subsequent years the proportions were 36–38% and 33–40%. Most belowground production was fine roots. Relatively more N was used belowground in the first year than subsequently, but no substrate-induced differences were observed in the allocation pattern. Both annual NPP and N uptake was always higher in plants in clay than in those in sand: in the final 2 years, 21–22 tonnes DM ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 190 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in clay, and 9–10 tonnes DM ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in sand.     

Slow turnover and production of fungal hyphae during a Californian dry season

We used minirhizotrons to examine the production and turnover of fungal hyphae in situ during the dry season in a Californian grassland. Hyphae were produced relatively slowly throughout the season at rates that did not vary significantly over time, indicating that a portion of the fungal community was active even when soils were very dry. In addition, fungi displayed relatively long residence times, with half of the hyphae remaining in the soil for at least 145 days. Together, these results suggest that a contingent of active fungi may be capable of performing nutrient transformations when plants are otherwise dormant, while relatively long-lasting hyphae may immobilize nutrients for several months before turning over.