海南半干旱地区芒果间作柱花草及作物效益初探

1998～2001年在海南东方干旱半干旱燥红土芒果与柱花草及作物间作示范区的实践表明，在芒果园间作扁豆、柱花草、番薯和花生可显著提高芒果挂果率，芒果收入比芒果单种分别增加97．79％、98．53％、54．41％和48．28％，果园综合收入比芒果单种分别增加108．55％、98．53％、97．98％和91．58％，同时，果园间作可显著提高果园土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷的含量和土壤pH值，间作扁豆使土壤有机质含量增加53．3％，间作柱花草使土壤全氮增加43．92％，速效磷增加78．16％，从而达到了以短养长、增加农民收入、提高土壤肥力和持续管理利用的目的。     

甘蔗间作种植方式研究进展

阐述了国内外有关甘蔗间作的研究进展,分析了间作对甘蔗品质和产量、土壤养分的影响以及对甘蔗病虫草害的控制,提出我国甘蔗间作应注意的关键问题。     

行比对不同豆禾间作模式产量与品质的影响

豆禾间作是有效提高土地利用率的方式,有利于缓解江淮地区草地面积不足的情况。本研究在2017-2018年,通过对五个播种比例下的金花菜（Medicago polymorpha L.）+燕麦（Avena sativa L.）间作与箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）+燕麦间作进行比较;通过其产量及营养价值等数据评价其优劣。结果表明,箭筈豌豆与燕麦比例3.3：8的间作具有最高总干草产量,为1 595.72 g·m^-2。金花菜与燕麦比例6.6：4的间作具有最高的土地当量比和土地利用率,分别为1.36和132.58%,且总干草产量第二。竞争力指数表明金花菜的种群竞争力要高于箭筈豌豆。在营养价值方面,金花菜+燕麦间作更具优势;燕麦与金花菜间作后的粗蛋白含量达到13.88%~14.09%,高于箭筈豌豆间作中的13.19%~13.44%。综合来看,两种间作模式各有优劣,以燕麦产量为导向时,箭筈豌豆+燕麦比例为6.6：4和3.3：8的间作模式更优;而若是只考虑最高的土地利用率,则金花菜+燕麦比例为6.6：4的间作模式更优。     

砂田甜瓜套作向日葵系统的养分利用研究

2010—2013年在庄浪县进行的砂田甜瓜套作向日葵系统的养分利用研究的结果表明,无论在甜瓜的初花期、座果期、膨大期套作食葵或油葵,套作系统比单作明显提高了作物的吸氮量、吸磷量和吸钾量。氮吸收量比单作增加50%~59%,磷吸收量比单作增加12%~41%,钾吸收量比单作增加33%~68%。     

边界线分析法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系产量的限制因子

本研究旨在分析小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系限制作物产量的关键因子,为该体系的优化提供科学依据。采用农户调研的方式,对河北省曲周县的小麦/西瓜/玉米间作模式展开调查,主要调研内容是小麦和玉米的播种量、养分投入量和产量以及西瓜的养分投入量和产量,应用边界线分析方法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作高产体系的限制因子。结果表明,限制小麦产量的关键因子为小麦播种量,贡献率达17.8%,而养分投入量的贡献率分别为:P₂O₅ 12.5%、K₂O 11.7%、N 8.0%。限制西瓜产量的关键因子为钾肥投入量,贡献率达15.8%,N、P₂O₅的贡献率分别为14.2%和11.8%。限制玉米产量的关键因子为氮肥投入量,贡献率达20.6%,其他因子的贡献率分别为:K₂O 14.2%,P₂O₅ 11.5%,播种密度9.2%。因此,在小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系中,应适当调控小麦播量,优化西瓜的钾肥和玉米的氮肥投入量,促进该间作模式的产量优势。     

辣椒间种玉米生物多样性栽培技术初探

通过辣椒间种玉米的生物多样性试验,并在辣椒密度不变的情况下,玉米密度在变化的对比,了解到问种作物的发病率较净种的均低,辣椒单果质量、玉米千粒质量均增加,合理的玉米栽培密度可使单位面积的产量、产值增加,通过试验综合评价出辣椒间种玉米的最佳栽培模式为辣椒与玉米行比6:2,每1 hm2株比53 550:17 850.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus use in maize sole cropping and maize/cowpea mixed cropping systems on an Alfisol in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana

Summary The use of N and P by mixed and by sole cropping (crop rotation) of maize and cowpeas were compared in a field experiment on an Alfisol at the Nyankpala Agricultural Experiment Station in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana, using two levels of N (0 and 80 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 as urea) and P application (0 and 60 kg P ha^-1 year^-1 as Volta phosphate rock). Maize grain yields were significantly reduced in the mixed cropping system. This yield difference became smaller with the application of N and P fertilizer. The N and P concentrations in maize ear leaves at silking indicated that a deficiency in N and P contributed to the maize yield depression in mixed cropping. Competition for soil and fertilizer N between maize and cowpeas was suggested by: (1) A similarity in total N uptake between the two cropping systems; (2) efficient use of soil nitrate by the cowpeas; and (3) low N₂ fixation by the cowpeas, calculated with the aid of an extended-difference method. In general, N₂ fixation was low, with the highest values in the sole cropping (53 kg ha^-1) and a substantial reduction in the mixed cropping system. The application of N fertilizer further reduced N₂ fixation. This was substantiated by nodule counts. The lower N₂ fixation in the mixed cropping system was only partly explained by the lower density of cowpeas in this system. In addition, dry spells during the cropping season and shading by the maize component could have reduced the nodulation efficiency. No N transfer from the legume/rhizobium to the non-legume crop was observed. Impaired P nutrition in the mixed compared with the sole-cropped maize might have been due to less P mobility in the soil. This was indicated by lower soil moisture contents in the topsoil under mixed cropping, especially during the dry year of 1986. The results show that mixed cropping of maize and cowpeas did not lead to improved use of soil and fertilizer N and P or to an enhanced N₂ fixation. On the contrary, an annual rotation of maize and cowpeas was clearly superior.     

氮肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对甘蔗生长及氮代谢的影响

以甘蔗单作常规施氮量为对照（CK）,设氮化肥减量20%+间作绿豆压青（A）、氮化肥减量40%+间作绿豆压青（B）和氮化肥减量60%+间作绿豆压青（C）3个处理,通过测定甘蔗农艺性状、蔗茎产量和甘蔗叶片氮代谢相关生理生化指标,研究氮肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对甘蔗生长及氮代谢的影响。结果表明,间作绿豆影响新植蔗分蘖,分蘖率显著低于CK,但对甘蔗有效茎数影响不显著。新植蔗产量表现为A>B>CK>C。氮化肥减量条件下间作绿豆压青对宿根蔗发株率、株高、有效茎数、甘蔗茎径有促进作用。宿根蔗蔗茎产量表现为A>B>C>CK。2年的甘蔗蔗糖分含量表现为C>B>A>CK。氮化肥减少20%条件下间作绿豆压青对提高甘蔗叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶、硝酸还原酶活性和游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量有促进作用。综合甘蔗农艺性状、蔗茎产量、氮代谢相关指标测定结果和经济效益的表现,试验以氮化肥减量20%+间作绿豆压青的A处理最优。     

马铃薯与玉米复合种植对土壤化感物质及土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为探究马铃薯与玉米复合种植对化感物质积累与细菌群落结构的影响,分析轮作、间作缓解连作障碍的机制,本研究以马铃薯连作、玉米连作、马铃薯||玉米间作、马铃薯-玉米轮作第8年的土壤为对象,利用GC-MS测定土壤中化感物质含量,并采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16Sr DNA V4-V5区域进行测序,分析土壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的变化,并对化感物质和优势菌属进行相关性分析。结果表明:玉米连作和马铃薯连作会导致化感物质的积累,玉米连作土壤积累了更多的油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、木焦油酸等脂肪酸,马铃薯连作土壤积累了更多的硬脂醇、二十烷醇等脂肪醇类物质。轮作降低了大部分化感物质的积累,间作降低的化感物质种类相对轮作较少。不同种植方式下土壤细菌群落结构发生了显著变化,相对于连作,间作和轮作Ace指数和Chao指数显著升高。在门水平上,轮作土壤放线菌丰度显著高于马铃薯连作土壤,间作土壤拟杆菌门丰度显著低于玉米连作土壤,两种连作土壤中酸杆菌门丰度都较轮作显著升高。在属水平上,一些有益细菌如节杆菌属、溶杆菌属等在复合种植土壤中相对丰度更高。通过相关性分析发现土微菌属、小梨形菌属与脂肪醇类物质呈显著正相关,黄杆菌属、溶杆菌属、微杆菌属等与脂肪酸类物质呈显著负相关。马铃薯与玉米复合种植降低了化感物质在土壤中的积累,从而抑制了土壤细菌丰度的降低,提高了有益菌属丰度,消减了连作障碍。     

南方丘陵林下油用牡丹栽培与幼龄期管理关键技术

XIE Guo-quan(Henghe Office of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Cixi, Cixi, Zhejiang 315318)