Cytochrome oxidase gene sequencing reveals channel catfish ovary cell line is contaminated with brown bullhead cells

The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque) ovary (CCO) cell line is the standard cell line used for channel catfish diagnostics. Next‐gen sequencing studies of a virus cultured in the CCO cells revealed mitochondrial sequences matching those of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus, Lesueur). Therefore, we systematically performed partial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene sequencing of several sources of the CCO cell line and all matched the brown bullhead and not the channel catfish.     

Genetic variation of seedling traits responded to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors in maize (Zea mays) doubled haploid lines

The purpose of this study was to examine the genotypic variation in maize doubled haploid (DH) lines response to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors. Plant responses to hormone inhibitors were determined in growth chamber experiments using germination paper for three different seedling treatments: application of propiconazole (Pcz), uniconazole (Ucz) or water (control). Mesocotyl length (ML) was more sensitive to hormone inhibitors, especially to the Ucz treatment, than other seedling traits. ML was significantly correlated with other traits in the Ucz treatment. All the seedling traits showed moderate-to-high broad sense heritability values, ranging from 0.39 to 0.82. The Euclidian genetic distances of inbred line pairs ranged from 1.27 to 19.94, indicating there was a high level of variability across the maize DH lines used in this study. DH lines with extreme MLs were identified, which can provide valuable breeding resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance, and for further genetic studies.     

农网配电线路损耗分析

配电网起着输送和分配电能的作用,线路损耗给供电企业造成很大的成本投入,降低能源的利用率。分析配电网线路损耗的原因,提出降低线路损耗的具体措施,以期为配电网节能降耗、安全运行提供参考。     

利用重组自交系高密度遗传图谱定位水稻芽期耐冷QTL

为定位水稻芽期耐冷QTL,本实验以双季超级稻品种‘五丰优T025’的双亲‘五丰B’和‘昌恢T025’杂交衍生的重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines, RILs)群体为材料,对10℃低温处理的水稻幼芽的存活率、根数、根长和芽长进行了测定。利用QTL Icimapping v4.2软件,共检测到3个控制芽期耐冷性QTL：qRL1、qRL2和qBL6,分别位于第1、2、6染色体上,LOD值分别为2.98,2.51和5.26,分别解释表型变异的10.54%,8.67%和14.04%,其增效等位基因均来自于亲本‘昌恢T025’。这些QTL定位在6.75k~40.05 kb染色体区间,为后续利用这些QTL进行分子标记辅助,选育芽期耐冷籼稻新品种奠定了基础。此外,检测到13对影响水稻芽期耐冷上位性互作QTL,分布在所有12条染色体,其中第3染色体与第8染色体之间互作位点可解释的表型变异率达到21.77%,表明上位性互作QTL在调控水稻芽期耐冷过程中也发挥了重要作用。     

基于SNP芯片揭示中国玉米育种种质的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构

【目的】选择具有重要育种价值的玉米自交系进行遗传多样性与群体遗传结构解析,为玉米育种实践提供指导和参考。【方法】选用344份具有广泛代表性和时效性的玉米自交系,其中包括美国主要杂种优势群、由国内地方种质发展来的杂种优势群、由美国商业化杂交种选系发展来的杂种优势群以及近年来在中国玉米育种中应用的新种质。利用北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心自主研发的包含3 072个SNP位点的Maize SNP3072芯片对供试自交系进行全基因组扫描,揭示其遗传多样性与群体遗传结构。【结果】在344份自交系中,3 072个SNP标记所检测到的基因多样性为0.028—0.646,平均为0.442;多态信息含量(PIC)为0.028—0.570,平均PIC值为0.344。群体遗传结构分析表明,K=8时,△K值最大,即本研究所采用的自交系群体可以划分为8个类群,分别为旅大红骨群、黄改群(又称塘四平头群)、Iodent群、兰卡斯特群、P群、改良瑞德群、瑞德群和X群,其中前7个群已有报道且基本被育种家所公认,第8个群为近年来以X1132X等杂交种作为基础材料选育出的优新种质,命名为X群。比较8个类群,遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.319—0.512,遗传距离为0.229—0.514。AMOVA结果表明类群间存在显著的遗传变异,占总遗传变异的38.6%,类群内的遗传变异占58.1%。PCA(主成分分析)结果显示,X群与黄改群、兰卡斯特群遗传关系较远,与Iodent群遗传关系较近。各类群平均基因多样性分析结果表明,随着类群改良年代的增加,类群平均基因多样性降低,其中X群种质平均基因多样性最高;进一步分析表明,美国种质类群(兰卡斯特群、瑞德群和Iodent群)和国内地方种质改良系(旅大红骨群和黄改群)核心材料多样性下降幅度较大,P群和改良瑞德群核心材料下降幅度较小,X群核心材料则没有下降趋势,说明X群核心材料仍然保留了较高的遗传多样性,未来还有很大的育种潜力可挖掘。【结论】近年来,以X1132X等杂交种所构建的基础材料选育而成的京724等系列优良自交系,区别于其他已知的7大类群,可以单独成群,称之为X群。该群与黄改群之间存在较远的遗传距离,从分子水平验证了"X群×黄改群"这种强杂优模式具有良好的应用潜力。     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

北方地区玉米骨干自交系灌浆特性研究

【目的】研究北方地区玉米主产区骨干自交系籽粒干物质积累的过程(即籽粒灌浆过程),为优良自交系的选育提供依据。【方法】选用北方地区10个玉米骨干自交系(中早熟自交系A187,中熟自交系郑58、PH4CV、J9D207、KWCB1、KWMM31、HM12111,中晚熟自交系PH6WC,晚熟自交系昌7-2、M5972),研究骨干自交系百粒质量及灌浆速率的差异;应用Logistic模型对骨干自交系的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,比较不同自交系的灌浆参数;然后采用通径分析,研究百粒质量与灌浆活跃期和灌浆速率的关系。【结果】玉米自交系干物质积累随着授粉后时间推移而增加,呈"慢-快-慢"趋势。郑58的百粒质量在授粉后65d最大、其次为HM12111、A187。10个骨干自交系灌浆速率差异显著,授粉后20～35d的灌浆速率均值明显高于其他时间。Logistic模型较好地拟合了籽粒灌浆过程,确定了各骨干自交系的灌浆渐增期、快增期和缓增期。玉米骨干自交系百粒质量受灌浆速率和灌浆时间的影响,其中灌浆速率起决定作用。各骨干自交系百粒质量主要在灌浆快增期增加。灌浆活跃期及不同时期灌浆速率均对百粒质量有正向效应,其中灌浆快增期平均速率对百粒质量的正向效应最大。【结论】10个骨干自交系的平均灌浆速率以郑58、HM12111和A187较大,可在杂交种组配时充分合理地加以利用;通过提高灌浆快增期和渐增期平均速率,确保灌浆活跃期,相对延长快增期持续时间,可达到提高产量的目的。     

Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.     

黄淮和长江中下游冬麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状及其聚类分析

气候变暖对我国乃至世界小麦育种和生产有很大影响。为了研究我国不同生态麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状适应气候变化调控机理,本研究以黄淮冬麦区北片和南片及长江中下游冬麦区的20个当前大面积推的小麦品种、新审定品种和新选育品系为试验材料,在黄淮冬麦区北片河北省石家庄市种植,在返青期前对其抗旱抗冻性、根冠比和叶片干重与鲜重比进行调查;收获后对株高、穗长、穗下节间长、分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株生物量、单株粒重、经济系数等10个农艺性状进行了考种和相关、聚类和主成分分析。结果表明,不同麦区小麦品种(系)苗期的抗旱抗冻性为黄淮冬麦区北片黄淮冬麦区南片长江中下游冬麦区。三大生态麦区的单株粒重与分蘖数、穗粒数、单株生物量、经济系数均呈极显著正相关,黄淮冬麦区南片和长江中下游冬麦区呈显著和极显著的农艺性状相对较多,说明这两个生态麦区的品种有很大的相似性;但不同生态麦区其他农艺性状正负相关各有一定差异。在欧氏距离20处,20个小麦品种(系)被聚类为长江中下游冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区南片品种(系)(第Ⅰ类)及黄淮冬麦区北片品种(系)(第Ⅱ类)两个大的生态型;在欧氏距离6处,Ⅰ类又分为分别以‘百农207’‘济麦22’和‘西农979’为代表的3个亚类,Ⅱ类是以‘长旱58’为代表。产量、穗长、株高和经济系数4个主成分因子对10个农艺性状表现型变异累计贡献率为76.39%。‘济麦22’等黄淮冬麦区北片的品种(系)综合得分在前20株中占95%。以上研究结果为小麦适应气候变暖育种和引种示范推广提供了重要参考信息。     

彩色小麦近等基因系籽粒中氨基酸含量的比较分析

氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成单位,是人体必需的重要营养物质。彩色小麦被认为是一类新型的营养保健小麦品种,但对其籽粒中氨基酸含量的研究很少。本研究首次利用高效液相色谱法比较分析了种植于三个环境中的彩色小麦近等基因系(蓝粒小麦科兴611,紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦轮回亲本济麦22)籽粒中多种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,蓝粒小麦科兴611的必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量均显著地高于紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒亲本济麦22。紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦济麦22相比,必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量相近,甚至低于济麦22。因此,蓝粒小麦籽粒氨基酸含量高的性状,有益于满足人类营养需求,同时可作为育种材料改良小麦品种的氨基酸含量,尤其是提高限制性氨基酸的含量,进而提高小麦的营养品质。