Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types

The chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) were determined for 26 sites grouped into high fertility (HF) and low fertility (LF) soils according to base saturation and N-mineralization potentials. Measurements were made of total carbon, acid detergent fibre (ADF), Klason lignin, holo-cellulose, sugar constituents of hemicellulose and phenylpropanoid derivatives of lignin, and nutrient concentrations (N, Ca, P, Mg, K and Mn). Leaf and litter constituents varied within and between species according to soil groups, but beech showed contrasting responses to oak and chestnut. Beech leaves had lower ADF, lignin and cellulose on HF soils than LF soils, whereas oak and chestnut leaves had higher ADF, lignin and cellulose on HF than the LF soils. Conversely, the same constituents in beech leaf litter were higher on HF soils than LF soils, but lower in oak and chestnut leaf litter on HF soils than LF soils. The phenylpropanoid derivatives of lignin and sugar constituents of hemicellulose also showed similar variations in relation to soil groups with contrasting patterns for in leaves and litters. Re-absorption of N from leaves before litter fall was negatively correlated with soil N mineralization potential for beech (highest on LF soils) but showed an unexpected, positive relationship for oak and chestnut (highest on HF soils). These intra-specific differences of leaf and litter chemistry in relation to soil fertility status are unprecedented and largely unexplained. The observed patterns reflect phenotypic responses to soil type that result in continuum of litter quality, within and between tree species, that have been shown in related studies to significantly influence litter decomposition rates.     

Varietal Differences in Cell Wall β-(1→3),(1→4)-Glucan and Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Rice Stems during the Grain Filling Stage

Abstract

The contribution of cell wall components and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) to grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was clarified by investigating the differences in the dynamics of hemicellulose, sugar composition of hemicellulose, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan, and NSC among cultivars with different grain filling capacities. This investigation was performed using the stems of standard, high yield and low harvest index (HI) cultivars. Hemicellulose concentration in stems tended to decrease slightly during the grain filling stage. This decrease was attributed to a decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan concentration, which was detected as a decrease in glucose composition of hemicellulose in the stems during the grain filling stage. The rate of decrease and decrease in the amount of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in the stems differed among the cultivars. These were higher in high yield and high HI cultivars than in relatively low yield and low HI cultivars. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC, indicating similarities in the dynamics of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC among the cultivars. When the top half of panicle was removed, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC concentrations in the culm and leaf sheath did not decrease during the grain filling stage. Therefore, the β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in stems might be one of the sources that supply substrate to panicle as well as NSC.     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

固体酸催化半纤维素水解的基础动力学研究

[目的]研究固体酸催化玉米秸秆半纤维素水解的基础动力学。[方法]单因素试验确定最佳固体酸种类、固固比、固液比,然后在以上最优条件下,综合考察反应温度和时间对半纤维素水解产率的影响。[结果]固体酸催化玉米秸秆半纤维素水解的最适反应条件：2号固体酸为催化剂,固固比1∶1,固液比1∶15,反应温度100℃,反应时间10 h。在该最适条件下,可溶性总糖浓度为34.7 g/L,半纤维素水解产率为93.8%。[结论]该研究为固体酸降解玉米秸秆工艺的优化和放大设计提供了基础动力学数据。     

Fibre constituents of some foods

Some plant foods viz. bottlegourd, carrot, cauliflower, cabbage, green bengalgram, pea, apple, plum, guava, karonda, blackgram husk and lentil husk were analysed for their dietary fibre components. The total dietary fibre contents of these foods varied from 14.68 to 78.21 percent on dry matter basis. As compared to fruits and vegetables, the husks had higher amount of total dietary fibre. Cellulose represented as the major fibre constituent in most of the foods whereas, husks were observed to be good sources of hemicellulose. All foods were low in pectin and lignin contents except guava.     

姬松茸碳源利用规律的研究

试验采用麦秸培养基,系统研究了姬松茸在生长期间对碳源的利用规律。结果表明,姬松茸降解的有机物质绝大部分被菌体的呼吸过程消耗掉,绝对生物学效率较低;在菌丝生长阶段,木质素的降解速率大于纤维素和半纤维素,这对纤维素和半纤维素的降解十分有利;非木质纤维素组分在菌丝生长阶段被主要利用,而木质纤维素则是子实体生长阶段的主要碳源。且就整个栽培过程而言,姬松茸生长发育所需要的79.86%的碳源来自木质纤维素。     

梨果实贮藏中可溶性果胶和半纤维素分子结构的变化

 为了了解分子结构变化与耐藏性的关系，以耐贮性不同的苹果梨和新高梨为试材，利用Ultrogel AcA 22凝胶柱渗漏分离，比较了梨贮藏中可溶性果胶和半纤维素分子大小的变化。结果表明，苹果梨的半纤维素分子大于新高梨。在贮藏过程中，耐贮性强的苹果梨果实可溶性果胶分子大小变化不明显，但半纤维素分子明显变小。相反，新高梨的可溶性果胶分子明显变小，而未观察到半纤维素分子大小的变化。说明梨的耐贮性与可溶性果胶分子结构变化及半纤维素分子大小有关，而与半纤维素分子结构变化没有直接关系。     

毛白杨木材主要组分与酸性染料的相互作用

对毛白杨木材纤维素,半纤维素和木素采用酸性染料桔黄Ⅱ进行加热浸染,观察其染色性能,并采用ＦＴＩＲ分析其染色前后的变化。结果表明：对于酸性染料桔黄Ⅱ,素和半纤维素不能上染,而木质素染色性能良好;ＦＴＩＲ分析表明,三者均未与染料反应生成新的化学官能团,而是木材组分对染料的吸附作用使木材产生颜色。     

玉米茎秆纤维组分近红外反射光谱模型的建立

以200份玉米自交系作为试验材料,利用近红外反射光谱技术建立3种茎秆组分的近红外光谱模型,研究更快速、准确地测定玉米茎秆中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量的方法。结果表明,在4 017.94～8 053.28、4 017.94～8 067.89和4 027.08～8 928.20谱区内建立的测定玉米茎秆木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量的近红外光谱模型效果最好。利用偏最小二乘回归法建立校正模型,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的校正相关系数分别为0.932 9、0.925 1和0.926 5,校正标准差分别为1.57、1.68和1.18。选取30份玉米茎秆样品作为检验集对模型进行验证,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的外部相关系数分别为0.938 9、0.891 1和0.905 0,其预测标准差分别为1.57、2.14和1.49。同样选取30份茎秆样品对模型进行交叉验证,其相关系数分别为0.897 3、0.944 2和0.891 8,交叉验证标准差分别为1.87、2.32和1.43。研究结果表明,所建模型质量较好,能快速、准确测量玉米茎秆木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量。