中国再生稻种植的影响因素及可持续性研究进展

再生稻作为一种特殊的水稻耕作模式，种一茬可收获两次，对增加粮食产量、保障国家粮食安全和提高稻田综合效益有重大意义。综述了中国再生稻的发展趋势，分析了再生稻种植的关键影响因子，阐释了再生稻高产栽培技术，提出在种好头季稻的前提下，适当高留桩，在头季稻齐穗后15 d施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2作为促芽肥，头季稻收割后3 d施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2作为发苗肥，同时配施磷钾肥，可在保证土壤养分平衡的基础上使再生稻获得高产，最后讨论了当前存在的问题及今后发展的方向，认为未来的研究需重点关注再生稻产业化、土壤养分管理、高产栽培技术、稻米品质、温室气体和水体质量，以促进再生稻的发展并为国内同行的研究提供参考与借鉴。     

起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长及生理特性的影响

为了探究低洼盐碱地的合理利用方式，以黑果枸杞为试验材料，设置不起垄（对照，H1）、起垄20 cm(H2)、起垄40 cm(H3)共3个栽培处理，研究不同起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长和抗逆生理指标的影响。结果表明：起垄处理的土壤全盐含量显著高于不起垄处理。起垄处理的植株枝长和叶面积显著高于不起垄处理；叶绿素含量除8月份外，其他时期均显著高于对照。可溶性糖含量不同时期的变化幅度较小。脯氨酸含量仅在后期大幅上升，其中H2处理显著高于对照。在8月份时起垄处理的叶片K+含量显著高于H1处理，10月份时则呈相反趋势；Na+含量则一直呈现出起垄处理显著低于对照的趋势。总的来看，起垄种植黑果枸杞更有优势，起垄处理虽增加了土壤盐分含量，但对黑果枸杞生长的影响较小，而相对降低的地下水位埋深对黑果枸杞的生长影响更大，研究结果对低洼盐碱地黑果枸杞的规范化栽培具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Phenotypic indicators for cultured pearl size improvement in the black‐lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera): towards selection for the recipient growth performance

The black‐lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, is the most important farmed species in French Polynesia and the basis of the most valuable export industry. Mass production of black pearls relies on a surgical operation requiring tissue from a donor pearl oyster to be grafted, together with a nucleus made of shell, into the gonad of a recipient oyster. Improving pearl size through family selection remains one of the main challenges for future aquaculture development. This study analyses the relative contribution of donor and recipient oysters to pearl size. To this end, hatchery‐produced donor oysters of two batches, large and small (based on shell height), were used to supply grafts for recipients, which were then monitored individually for their growth performance by recording shell height, width, and thickness, and total live weight (flesh + shells) every 6 months (four biometric measurement times) over 20 months of culture. Pearls issued from the two batches of donors showed no significant differences in nacre weight or thickness. In contrast, recipient oyster shell height and total weight were increasingly positively correlated with these pearl size parameters over the culture period, becoming significant at 8 months post‐grafting. Potential therefore exists to use shell height and oyster weight as phenotypic indicators for selective breeding of recipient oysters with high growth performance to increase pearl size in P. margaritifera.     

茄子株高性状鉴定与遗传分析

以长茄高代自交系125 和126 构建的茄子6 个不同世代的遗传群体〔P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、 B₁（125×F₁）、B₂（126×F₁）〕 为试材，利用主基因+ 多基因混合数量性状遗传模型对茄子的株高性状进行多世代遗传联合分析。结果表明：供试亲本株高 性状差异显著，分离世代株高性状数值均呈单峰的偏正态分布，属于数量性状遗传。多世代遗传联合分析结果显示茄子株高 性状的最适遗传模型为C-0 模型，不存在主基因遗传效应，表现为多基因控制的加性- 显性- 上位性遗传模式。采用二阶 遗传参数进一步分析株高的多基因遗传效应，结果显示，茄子分离世代F₂、B₂ 的多基因遗传率分别为49.24%、22.77%，茄 子株高以多基因遗传为主。     

A genetic linkage map in southern‐by‐spring oat identifies multiple quantitative trait loci for adaptation and rust resistance

We developed 178 recombinant inbred lines from a southern‐by‐spring oat population designated as “TxH.” These lines were genotyped to generate a high‐quality linkage map that resolved 6,902 markers into 21 linkage groups that matched closely with the latest hexaploid oat consensus map. Three major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting heading date were found in locations that are consistent with known QTLs and candidate genes, and two other QTLs affecting heading date were found in novel locations. Five QTLs affecting plant height were found. Both sets of QTLs are responsible for transgressive segregation observed for these two traits. Four QTLs affecting resistance to crown rust, caused by the pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, were identified. Two of these QTLs are consistent with known clusters of rust resistance genes, while two may represent new locations of novel rust resistance genes. A complete set of SNP sequences suitable for generating markers for molecular selection is provided.     

玉米果穗不同部位子粒水分动态差异研究

为明确玉米果穗不同部位子粒含水率和脱水速率的动态变化差异,在春玉米区宁夏银川和夏玉米区河南新乡采用8个不同熟期和脱水速率的品种,将玉米果穗垂直等分为5个部位,定期测定不同部位子粒含水率,计算子粒脱水速率。结果表明,玉米生长中后期,果穗上部子粒含水率低于中下部子粒含水率,生理成熟前各部位子粒含水率的差值低于生理成熟后。参试品种生理成熟前20 d时不同部位子粒含水率极差低于3%,成熟期的极差值变幅为0.6%～5.2%,生理成熟后极差最大值可达6.2%。同一果穗自上而下子粒的脱水速率逐渐降低,品种之间有明显差异,先玉335、迪卡517和迪卡519果穗不同部位子粒脱水速率差异较大。果穗中部子粒脱水速率和平均脱水速率与不同部位子粒含水率的极差值呈负相关。     

"双高"糖料蔗高产种植栽培技术

灵山县贯彻落实国家和自治区部署，加快推进优质高产、高糖糖料蔗基地建设，目前已建成近1333.4hm²“双高”基地，并通过实施“双高”糖料蔗高产种植栽培技术，平均亩产达到8T，蔗糖分达到14%以上。     

Allometric Estimates of Aboveground Biomass Using Cover and Height Are Improved by Increasing Specificity of Plant Functional Groups in Eastern Australian Rangelands

Plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is a useful metric to assess ecosystem functioning, and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions provides insight into potential global change impacts. Allometric estimates of AGB using vegetation characteristics such as plant cover or height provide nondestructive biomass proxies for repeated measurements but can introduce uncertainty to estimates. We estimated the relationship between both plant cover and a cover·height index and AGB for 15 plant species from six sites to identify the most reliable approach to estimate biomass nondestructively in semiarid eastern Australian rangelands. Estimates were made by grouping species at four different levels of specificity, to test whether generic estimates were more robust than grouping species based on life history and morphological characteristics. Estimates were then tested on a 1.5-m² plot at each site for validation. In all cases, models were highly significant (P < 0.001) with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96 for cover models and 0.38 to 0.98 for cover·height index models. We found the addition of height improved model fits in four groups while reducing model fits in two groups. The error around AGB estimates for cover·height index−based models ranged from −66.8 to 4% (absolute mean 35%). Cover-based models had errors between −13.4% and 53% (absolute mean 14.2%). For cover-based estimates of AGB in validation plots, grouping plants by plant functional types (PFTs) increased accuracy (absolute mean error 17.3%) compared with estimates using data from all 15 species (absolute mean of 65.2%). Overall cover was a useful surrogate to estimate AGB (with the exception of one site, accuracy ranged from −2.3% to 11.5%), while height (thought to be a surrogate for canopy characteristics) provided benefit in a few circumstances. We suggest that future research should test additional nondestructive proxies and group species based on PFTs to improve AGB estimates using allometry.     

基于鲁棒反馈线性化的联合收获机割台高度控制策略

谷物联合收获机割台高度控制非常重要，有效的割台高度控制有助于提高喂入量的稳定性、降低整机各环节的负荷波动。本文提出一种基于鲁棒反馈线性化的割台高度控制策略，该方法可以使割台跟随地面起伏进行俯仰控制调节。首先，基于割台结构和动力学分析建立系统数学模型，选取正弦角度的近似约简条件，将多变量的复杂非线性系统线性转换为典型的非线性系统；通过分析传统的反馈线性化控制研究可控仿射的模型构建方法，在集成鲁棒优化设计控制器基础上，提出鲁棒反馈线性化（Robust feedback linearization，RFL），通过构建灵敏度方程、选取增益来稳定系统；选取液压控制机构，根据控制液压输出的电流参数设计为基于鲁棒反馈线性化控制系统的控制器。将传统的PID控制和本文提出的鲁棒反馈线性化控制进行对比实验，结果表明，在不同行驶速度、地形正弦振幅和地形周期条件下，鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差均小于传统的PID控制；以3种不同行驶速度在同一起伏地面上行进，鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差受行驶速度增加的影响小于传统的PID控制。