Behavior of four broad-leaved tree species used to revegetate eroded granite hill slopes

Information on primary growth behavior after planting is required for mixed-plantation revegetation using broad-leaved species. To estimate primary growth, especially from the perspective of crown coverage and changing growth rates, we examined the growth and survival of four broad-leaved species that are frequently used in erosion-control plantations in Japan. The species studied were Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc., Alnus pendula Matsum., Quercus glauca Thunb., and Q. serrata Thunb. The survival, height, and basal diameter of planted trees were measured over a 4-year period, and crown area was calculated over a 3-year period. We found a negative relationship between relative growth rate (RGR) and survival rate, suggesting that fast growth may be fatal when resources are severely limited. The relative height growth rate (RHGR) of A. pendula was especially high during the early period of the study (1997–1999) and then drastically declined, whereas the opposite tendency was observed in Q. glauca. The results of stem allometry analyses conformed to the specific relationships between height growth and diameter growth of the four species; increases in stem thickness based on height increments were smaller in the pioneer species A. pendula. Between-species differences in coverage per planted tree (mean crown area multiplied by survival rate) were small as a result of the negative relationship between coverage area and survival rate.     

Assessing the deposition and canopy penetration of nozzles with different spray qualities in an oat (Avena sativa L.) canopy

Consistent spray coverage that is evenly distributed throughout the canopy is necessary to control pest populations that can negatively affect yield. As applicators are switching to Coarser spray quality nozzles to reduce risk and liability of pesticide spray drift, concerns about efficacy loss are growing. Previous research has indicated that small droplets are the most effective at penetrating through crop canopies, but newer nozzle technologies have improved the effectiveness of larger droplet or Coarser sprays. Research was conducted to assess the canopy penetration of nozzles that produce Coarse, Very-Coarse and Extremely-Coarse spray qualities compared to nozzles that produce Fine and Medium spray qualities. Kromekote collectors were positioned in four configurations in an oat (Avena sativa L.) var. ‘Yarran’ (AusWest Seeds, Forbes, NSW, Australia) crop to quantify the coverage and droplet number densities (droplets cm⁻²) across three application carrier volume rates: 50, 75 and 100 L ha⁻¹. Applications were made in the field in 30 cm tall, tillering oats, with collectors arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The entire study was repeated on the following day. Results showed that droplet number densities were inversely related to the droplet size produced by the nozzles, yet coverage was increased more by application volume rate than droplet size. Thus, both spray drift reduction and improved canopy penetration can be achieved with proper nozzle selection and operation parameters for the control of agronomic pests.     

冬小麦不同株型品种光谱响应及株型识别方法研究

以直立和平展2种株型的冬小麦品种为材料，研究了它们的光谱响应以及田间植被覆盖度的差异，探讨了利用冠层光谱反射率、光谱特征参量NDVI及植被覆盖度识别小麦株型的方法。结果表明，（1）小麦不同株型品种在近红外波段（700～1300 nm）光谱反射率有明显差异，生育前期平展型品种高于直立型品种，并以拔节期的差异为最显著，随着生育进程差异逐渐变小。拔节期是进行株型识别的最佳时期，并且此期冠层的敏感波段680 nm和760～900 nm的反射率在2种株型品种之间差异明显。（2）小麦冠层叶面积指数（LAI）与归一化差异植被指数NDVI(680,890)呈正相关，并且不同生育阶段其相关程度有差异，这是利用NDVI和植被覆盖度(COV)识别不同株型的基础。（3）相同COV条件下，直立型品种的NDVI高于平展型品种的NDVI，并且随着COV的增加，差异逐渐变小，二者的变化关系体现了直立型品种株型紧凑和平展型品种株型披散的特点，利用NDVI和COV的关系可以对株型进行识别，以小麦拔节期为最佳识别阶段，此期2种株型品种的NDVI具有显著差异（P＜0.05）。     

一种环保型人工浮岛的制作方法及其对农业集水区中氮磷的净化效果

针对目前人工浮岛制作和应用过程中存在的问题(工艺复杂、成本高、产生二次污染、选材局限性等)以及农业集水区N、P污染严重的现状,采用稻秸秆、毛竹和煤渣等廉价或废弃物为原料,制作人工浮岛,并将其运用于农业集水区。结果表明,本人工浮岛制作成本低,工艺简单,无二次污染;当人工浮岛覆盖率为8%时,对水体N、P的净化率分别达到60.1%和54.9%;黑麦草是一种较为理想的冬季浮岛植物;煤渣是一种较为理想的浮岛植物培养基质。     

不同覆盖方式土壤生态效应与成龄葡萄增产效应研究

通过小区试验研究了不同覆盖保墒灌溉措施对土壤水分动态变化、土壤温度、葡萄生长状况、生理生态指标以及产量等的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,覆盖措施明显减少了土壤水分蒸发,提高了蓄水保墒作用;覆盖措施可明显提高土壤表层温度,但随深度的增大,影响程度逐渐减小;保墒处理的果树生长势强、枝条增长量大、果粒大、产量高。草帘子覆盖措施与塑料薄膜覆盖措施效果相当。     

抗虫耐除草剂棉花生存竞争能力研究

本试验对抗虫耐除草剂棉花639017、当地棉花冀棉106在两种土壤类型条件下开展生存竞争能力研究。结果表明:正常播种条件下,抗虫耐除草剂棉花和冀棉106在大坝沙壤土出苗率低于5%,在试验基地壤土出苗率低于10%,两种土壤类型下,棉花覆盖度均远低于杂草覆盖度,棉花株高仅20 cm左右,未完成正常生长发育。在地表撒播试验中,试验棉花均未出苗。另外栽培地竞争试验中,抗虫耐除草剂棉花株高及产量均低于冀棉106,部分生育期差异显著。表明:外源基因的导入并未增强抗虫耐除草剂棉花的生存竞争能力,因此,抗虫耐除草剂棉花无杂草化风险。     

2016年淮北市降水空间差异分析

利用统计学方法,分析了2016年淮北市37个加密自动站降水的空间差异.结果表明,2016年淮北市37个加密自动站降水属正态分布,平均降水量825.1 mm,雨日116.9 d.降水量、降水强度全年和四季南北差异显著,雨日全年和春、秋、冬季南北差异显著,大运河沿线、市区分别为雨量、雨日低值区;降水强度市区高,大运河沿线低.降水多为局部或大部地区,覆盖率与降水量、持续天数和过程雨日三者的自然对数呈直线正相关.     

北方人工湿地植物对污水净化效果研究

对栽种水葫芦、大藻、水鳖3种湿地植物的潜流人工湿地进行研究,分析3种植物在不同生长期（包括幼苗期、成长期、成熟期、衰败期）以及在不同覆盖度（包括100％、80％、60％）下对污水的净化效果。试验结果表明,植物成熟期（7～9月）对污染物去除率比其他阶段明显要好;大藻最佳覆盖度为60％、水葫芦最佳覆盖度为80％、水鳖的最佳覆盖度为60％。     

综合近红外-红波段-短波红外三波段光谱特征空间的小麦冠层含水量反演

为提高返青期-拔节期-开花期-灌浆期不同覆盖条件下小麦冠层含水量的遥感反演精度，综合分析基于Nir-Red和Nir-Swir光谱特征空间开展作物含水量监测的优势与局限，利用垂直干旱指数（perpendicular drought index，PDI）和短波红外垂直失水指数（shortwave infrared perpendicular water stress index，SPSI）的比值形式，构建了一种基于近红外-红波段-短波红外（Nir-Red-Swir）三波段光谱特征空间的垂直植被水分指数（three-band perpendicular vegetation water index，TPVWI）。结果表明，在不同生育时期，TPVWI与小麦冠层含水量（vegetation water content，VWC)均具有显著相关关系（P<0.01），且对植被含水量的敏感性优于PDI、作物水分监测指数（plant water index，PWI）、SPSI和NDVI 4种植被指数，且在反映小区域内小麦冠层含水量的时空趋势上有较好的表征能力。对比地面实测数据，利用TPVWI建立的作物含水量估测模型的预测精度较高，r与RMSE分别为0.763和2.296%，说明利用综合Nir-Red-Swir三波段光谱空间特征的植被水分指数在监测不同覆盖条件下的作物含水量具有一定的可行性，可丰富当前作物冠层含水量遥感监测的理论方法。     

冬种马铃薯稻草包芯栽培模式试验研究

对冬种马铃薯3种栽培模式（稻草免耕、稻草包芯、黑膜覆盖）进行对比试验。结果表明，3种栽培模式均优于常规种植，其中稻草包芯和黑膜覆盖栽培模式缩短了出苗时间，提高了商品薯率，增加了单株薯块数和单株薯块质量，显著提高了种植产量和效益，明显优于稻草免耕栽培模式，其中稻草包芯每667 m2纯收入比常规种植高出402.81元，产投比达1.76。