刈割次数对林下黑麦草产量与品质的影响

林下种草养禽是一种复合型生态农业模式,为了优化林下牧草的刈割方式,获得较高产量的优质牧草。以林下黑麦草为试验材料,设置不同刈割次数处理(1、2、3、4、5次),比较不同刈割次数对其生长性状、干物质累积、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:刈割4次处理,林下黑麦草鲜草和干草产量最高,分别为86.53 t/hm~2和11.83 t/hm~2,刈割5次处理,鲜草和干草产量分别下降10.27%和7.79%。随着刈割次数的增加,林下黑麦草粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分等营养成分含量有上升趋势,粗纤维含量有下降趋势。另外,各处理以第2茬和第3茬黑麦草干草产量和品质较高。与非林下黑麦草比较,林下黑麦草产量和品质稍有下降。本试验条件下,林下黑麦草刈割4次可兼顾高产与优质,并且适当延长第2茬和第3茬生长时间,有利于产量和品质提高。     

5种禾本科牧草草产量及营养品质比较

2002年5月~9月在内蒙古西辽河平原水浇地条件下进行了不同刈割方式下5种禾本科牧草的草产量及营养品质的比较研究。结果表明,鲜草草产量健宝、苏波丹二次刈割高于一次刈割,甜格雷兹、润宝、大力士一次刈割高于二次刈割;各品种干草草产量均以一次刈割高于二次刈割;受粗蛋白质含量的影响,粗蛋白质产量健宝、苏波丹、大力士二次刈割高于一次刈割,甜格雷兹、润宝、一次刈割高于二次刈割,综合产量及品质认为,健宝、苏波丹以二次刈割青饲喂利用为宜,甜格雷兹、润宝以一次刈割青贮利用较佳。     

刈割对荒漠草原几种牧草贮藏碳水化合物的影响

１９９４年３－１０月在内蒙古达茂联合旗短花针茅荒漠草原研究刈割处理对六种牧宽大不化合物含量的影响，结果表明，刈割引起徼草茎基和根部贮藏碳水化合物含量下降，而当株高８ｃｍ，时留茬２ｃｍ的刈割处理，对贮藏碳水化合物的总体影响不大。     

Does plant growth phase determine the response of plants and soil organisms to defoliation?

To test a hypothesis that the effects of defoliation on plant ecophysiology and soil organisms depend on the timing of defoliation within a growing season, we established a greenhouse experiment using replicated grassland microcosms. Each microcosms was composed of three plant species, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata and Phleum pratense, growing in grassland soil with a diverse soil community. The experiment consisted of two treatment factors—defoliation and plant growth phase (PGP)—in a fully factorial design. Defoliation had two categories, i.e. no trimming or trimming a total of four times at 2 week intervals. The PGP treatment had four categories, i.e. 1, 3, 7 or 13 weeks growth following planting before the first defoliation (subsequently referred to as PGP1, PGP2, PGP3 and PGP4, respectively). In each PGP treatment category, microcosms were harvested 1 week after the final defoliation. Harvested shoot and root mass and total shoot production (including trimmed and harvested shoot mass) increased with time and were lower in defoliated than in non-defoliated systems. The fraction of root biomass of harvested plant biomass decreased with time but was increased by defoliation at PGP3 and PGP4. The proportion of T. repens in total shoot production increased and those of P. lanceolata and P. pratense decreased with time. Defoliation increased the proportions of P. lanceolata and P. pratense in total shoot production at PGP3 and PGP4. Root N and C concentrations increased and root C-to-N ratio decreased with time in non-defoliated systems. Defoliation increased root N concentration by 38 and 33% at PGP1 and PGP2, respectively, but decreased the concentration by 22% at PGP4. In contrast, defoliation reduced root C concentration on average by 1.5% at each PGP. As with the effects on root N concentration, defoliation decreased the root C-to-N ratio at PGP1 and PGP2 but increased the ratio at PGP4. Among soil animal trophic groups, the abundance of herbivorous nematodes was higher at PGP4 than at PGP1-3 and that of predacious nematodes higher at PGP2-4 than at PGP1, while the abundance of bacterivorous, fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes and that of detritivorous enchytraeids did not differ between the PGP categories. Among bacterivorous nematodes, however, Acrobeloides, Chiloplacus and Protorhabditis species decreased and that of Plectus spp. increased with time. Defoliation did not affect the abundance of soil animal trophic groups, but reduced the abundance of herbivorous Coslenchus spp. at each PGP and raised the abundance of herbivorous Rotylenchus spp. and bacterivorous Eucephalobus spp. at PGP4. Confirming our hypothesis, the results suggest that the effects of defoliation on the attributes of grassland plants, such as biomass allocation between roots and shoots and root quality, may depend on the timing of defoliation within a growing season. However, contradicting our hypothesis, the results suggest that significant changes in plant attributes after defoliation may not always lead to substantial changes in the abundance of belowground organisms.     

茬次和一天内不同收获时间对紫花苜蓿青贮发酵质量和体外发酵参数的影响

为了研究茬次和一天内不同收获时间对紫花苜蓿青贮饲料品质的影响,并进一步评价其饲用价值,本试验采用双因素设计,两茬紫花苜蓿于现蕾期同一天08：00（AM）,13：00（M）和18：00（PM）刈割并调制青贮饲料,室温下保存45 d后,取样分析并采用体外发酵法评价其饲用价值。结果表明,第1茬紫花苜蓿青贮饲料的相对饲喂价值（relative feed value,RFV）,干物质体外消化率（in vitro dry matter digestibility,IVDMD）及体外发酵挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acids,VFA）、产气量均显著高于第2茬（P<0.05）。下午收获的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料有更高的干物质（dry matter,DM）含量及IVDMD （P<0.05）。因此,在实践生产中,要抓好第1茬的苜蓿生产,推迟刈割时间至中午或下午,可获得更高品质的紫花苜蓿青贮饲料。     

Labile, recalcitrant, and microbial carbon and nitrogen pools of a tallgrass prairie soil in the US Great Plains subjected to experimental warming and clipping

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes are largely controlled by the small but highly bio-reactive, labile pools of these elements in terrestrial soils, while long-term C and N storage is determined by the long-lived recalcitrant fractions. Changes in the size of these pools and redistribution among them in response to global warming may considerably affect the long-term terrestrial C and N storage. However, such changes have not been carefully examined in field warming experiments. This study used sulfuric acid hydrolysis to quantify changes in labile and recalcitrant C and N fractions of soil in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem that had been continuously warmed with or without clipping for about 2.5 years. Warming significantly increased labile C and N fractions in the unclipped plots, resulting in increments of 373 mg C kg⁻¹ dry soil and 15 mg N kg⁻¹ dry soil, over this period whilst clipping significantly decreased such concentrations in the warmed plots. Warming also significantly increased soil microbial biomass C and N in the unclipped plots, and increased ratios of soil microbial/labile C and N, indicating an increase in microbial C- and N-use efficiency. Recalcitrant and total C and N contents were not significantly affected by warming. For all measured pools, only labile and microbial biomass C fractions showed significant interactions between warming and clipping, indicating the dependence of the warming effects on clipping. Our results suggest that increased soil labile and microbial C and N fractions likely resulted indirectly from warming increases in plant biomass input, which may be larger than warming-enhanced decomposition of labile organic compounds.     

Effects of White Clover Inclusion on Turf Characteristics,Nitrogen Fixation,and Nitrogen Transfer from White Clover to Grass Species in Turf Mixtures

Abstract

An irrigated field trial was conducted to test the effects of white clover in three turfgrass species (perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass) on color, clipping yield, and botanical composition and to estimate nitrogen (N)₂ fixation and N transfer from white clover to associated turfgrass species under different N‐fertilization conditions in 1999–2002.

Nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased color ratings in all observations. Grass–white clover mixtures had better color ratings than pure grass at all sampling dates and seasonal averages in unfertilized conditions. Fertilized pure grass plots yielded significantly more than control plots in all turfgrass species. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect clipping yield greatly in turfgrass–white clover mixtures. Nitrogen application significantly decreased white clover percentage in the harvested clippings in second and third year.

Nitrogen fertilization increased tissue N concentration positively in all turfgrass species grown alone. In contrast, N fertilization did not greatly affect tissue N concentration of either turfgrass species or white clover in the mixtures. Nitrogen fixation of white clover was estimated as 24.6, 30.7, and 33.8 g m^?2 year^?1 in perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass, respectively. The total estimated N₂ fixation gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization. Nitrogen transfer from white clover to the associated turfgrass varied from 4.2 to 13.7% of the total N that the white clover fixed annually.     

紫云英作为饲草和绿肥综合利用价值的研究

为筛选出适宜盛花期刈割、饲草品质好、再生能力强紫云英品种,以期提高南方稻区紫云英综合利用价值,本研究在田间试验条件下,分别在盛花期和成熟期对浙紫5号、闽紫6号、闽紫7号、84（8）7-1-1、升钟5个紫云英品种（系）进行刈割,并测定紫云英草产量及养分含量。结果表明：盛花期刈割紫云英地上部生物产量显著低于成熟期（P<0.05）,但营养成分和品质显著高于成熟期（P<0.05）,84（8）7-1-1和升钟紫云英盛花期综合性状较好;再生期紫云英地上部生物产量和养分累积量均显著低于成熟期（P<0.05）,升钟和闽紫7号再生期综合性状较好。由此可知,盛花期刈割紫云英作为饲草能够获得更高的实用价值和更优品质,再生的紫云英作为绿肥翻压回田可为土壤提供有机肥源。因此,在福建地区,升钟和84（8）7-1-1盛花期刈割后,适宜作为饲草推广;升钟和闽紫7号再生草作为绿肥翻压回田可提供更多的肥源。综上,升钟紫云英适合作为饲草和绿肥两段式利用。     

刈割期和留茬高度对混播草地产草量及品质的影响

研究不同刈割期和留茬高度对无芒雀麦+新麦草+杂花苜蓿混播人工草地产草量及品质的影响。结果表明,刈割三次干草总产量,以初花期刈割,留茬5cm最高(2108.1kg/hm²),其次是抽穗期刈割,留茬7cm(2095.82kg/hm²)。粗蛋白质总产量以初花期刈割,留茬5cm最高(473.7kg/hm²),其次是初花期刈割,留茬3cm(439.8kg/hm²)。初花期刈割,留茬5cm的ADF和NDF含量均较低。在河北坝上地区无芒雀麦+新麦草+杂花苜蓿混播人工草地以初花期刈割,留茬5cm为宜。     

施肥和刈割对苏丹草补偿生长的影响

本研究以苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)为研究对象,通过刈割和施肥处理,研究苏丹草生长情况及生理生化变化,初步探索苏丹草补偿生长原因,为苏丹草引种和种植提供参考。研究结果表明,刈割显著影响(P<0.05)苏丹草比叶面积大小,随着刈割次数的增加,比叶面积逐渐增大,株高显著(P<0.05)降低,分蘖数增加,植株内脯氨酸和丙二醛含量显著(P<0.05)降低,补偿指数增大,说明刈割能促进苏丹草的补偿生长。施肥对苏丹草的比叶面积、分蘖数、丙二醛含量影响差异不显著(P>0.05));施肥后,相对电导率随着施肥浓度的增加先降低后上升,施肥和刈割具有显著的交互作用,施肥对苏丹草的补偿生长主要表现在促进营养生长方面,但施肥对补偿生长的作用具有时滞性,施肥在短期内不能抵消刈割的负面影响,也不能增加刈割造成的补偿生长量。施肥和刈割条件下,苏丹草发生超补偿性生长是通过改变植株的生物量分配模式来实现的。施肥和刈割处理合理组合可获得更大产草量。