大通县"西繁东育"项目实施情况调查

通过“西繁东育”项目的实施,大通县牛羊贩运育肥规模户由2001年的898户发展到2005年的4170户,贩运育肥出栏牛羊由2001年的12.12万头只增加到2005年的65万头只,纯收入由2001年的456.76万元增长到2005年的4548.97万元,逐步成为大通农民增收的主渠道。     

小麦-滨麦附加易位系DM 5911的创制及其细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis(Trin.)Pilger,NsNsXmXm,2n=28)具有抗旱、耐寒、抗多种真菌和细菌病害、茎秆粗壮、大穗多花等特性,是麦类作物品种改良的优异种质资源。本研究采用细胞遗传学方法对由八倍体小滨麦M842-16与硬粒小麦品种D 4286杂交F6代选育出的1个附加易位系DM 5911进行了鉴定和农艺性状分析。细胞学镜检显示,DM 5911的染色体构型为2n=44=22Ⅱ;根尖体细胞原位杂交鉴定显示,DM 5911含有2条完整的Ns染色体和2条易位的Ns染色体;花粉母细胞原位杂交鉴定显示,DM 5911的2条完整Ns染色体和2条易位Ns染色体可以进行正常的联会配对和遗传。表明DM 5911是1个遗传稳定、包含1对完整的Ns染色体和1对易位Ns染色体的小滨麦附加易位系。形态学调查显示,DM 5911在株高和分蘖数等农艺性状方面得到了明显的改善。该附加易位系作为进一步创制小滨麦小片段染色体易位系的重要种质材料,可用于小麦染色体工程育种与遗传改良。     

Preparation of Rosin-based N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst and Its Catalytic Properties for Addition Reaction of Aryl北大核心CSCD

Two kinds of rosin-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) from dehydroabietylamine and acrypimaric amine were designed and synthesized, and their structures were identified by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. For screening the catalysts and evaluating their activity, the novel rosin-based NHC molecules were used to catalyze the addition reaction of aromatic aldehydes and aryl boronic acids. The results showed that catalytic activity of the acrypimaric-based NHC(Ap-NHC) was better than that of dehydroabietic-based NHC(Da-NHC), and the optimal catalytic effect was presented at reaction conditions of reaction temperature 60 ℃, the reaction time 4 h, the amount of catalyst 2.5 % and potassium tert-butoxide as alkali, and the yield reached to 95 %. Finally, the influence of different substituent groups on the reactant was studied. When the aryl boronic acid reacted with the aromatic aldehyde with electron withdrawing group, the yield was the highest, while the substituent on the boric acid had little effect on the reaction. © 2018, Editorial Board of «Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products». All right reserved.     

化学絮凝法对高质量浓度养猪废水预处理效果

以COD质量浓度超过30 000 mg/L有机养猪废水为研究对象,研究硫酸铁、硫酸铝、结晶氯化铝、聚合氯化铝钾、聚合氯化铝、壳聚糖6种絮凝剂对该废水浊度、COD、 NH₃-N、 TP、BOD₅的影响,并简要分析絮凝法预处理的经济成本。结果表明,6种絮凝剂对废水各项指标均有一定的处理能力,浊度的去除率为95.2%～99.7%;COD的去除率为36%～53%;NH₃-N的去除率为25%～72%;TP去除为82%～97%;经6种絮凝剂处理后,水质BOD₅/COD依次为0.415,0.504,0.424,0.505,0.379,0.135,除壳聚糖外,生物可降解性均比原废水提高。6种絮凝剂对养猪废水的预处理效果显著,为后续的生物处理提供了有利条件,综合考虑处理效果和经济因素,聚合氯化铝钾为最佳絮凝剂。     

甘蓝型油菜-萝卜附加系中萝卜染色体的（dp）RAPD标记

在已掌握甘蓝型油菜-萝卜附加系染色体构成,并构建萝卜分子连锁图谱的基础上,以甘蓝型油菜?萝卜附加系为材料,利用(dp)RAPD分子标记技术,筛选附加系中外源萝卜9条染色体(A～I)的分子标记,为进一步研究萝卜染色体与连锁群对应关系奠定基础。试验筛选了576个随机引物(组合),有413个能从附加系中扩增出萝卜染色体的(dp)RAPD标记,平均有效引物(组合)占71·7%,其中RAPD反应有效引物率67·7%,dpRAPD反应有效引物率73·2%。试验共得到899个萝卜染色体(dp)RAPD标记,包括354个RAPD标记和545个dpRAPD标记,覆盖萝卜整个基因组的全部9条染色体,不同染色体的标记数目变化范围在41～160,其中最多的是染色体C,最少的是染色体I。     

萝卜D染色体在7号连锁群的定位研究

（1北京蔬菜研究中心,北京 100089;2德国栽培作物育种研究中心,Quedlinburg,D-06484）     

减量施氮与秸秆添加对设施菜田N2O的减排效应

采用静态箱–气相色谱法,在宁夏灌区设施菜田研究了不施肥(CK)、单施有机肥(M)、常规施肥(CON)、减量优化化肥(OPT)、优化化肥+调节土壤碳氮比(OPT+C/N) 5种施肥方式对春茬黄瓜和夏休闲期土壤N_2O排放通量、累积排放量和排放系数的影响。结果表明:各施肥处理土壤N_2O排放通量高峰一般出现在黄瓜滴灌施肥或夏休闲期漫灌后第1天或第3天。春茬黄瓜基肥、追肥和夏休闲期,OPT、OPT+C/N处理土壤N_2O排放通量较CON处理分别降低了3.6%～47.2%、5.9%～49.9%和14.7%～46.6%。春茬黄瓜季和夏休闲期各施肥处理的N_2O累积排放量分别为2.05～9.98kg/hm~2和3.55～7.23 kg/hm~2,OPT、OPT+C/N处理较CON处理分别降低了26.2%～34.3%和29.6%～33.7%。春茬黄瓜当季肥料的N_2O排放系数为0.43%～0.71%,而春茬黄瓜–夏休闲期总排放系数为0.54%～1.04%。N_2O总排放量与施氮量呈显著正相关(R~2=0.778);N_2O排放通量与5cm表层地温呈显著或极显著相关(R~2=0.47～0.68),与0～20cm土壤含水量呈极显著相关(R~2=0.63～0.88)。因此,相对于农民常规施氮方式,减施50%化肥氮量或减氮配合添加7.5 t/hm~2的小麦秸秆来调节土壤碳氮比都能达到设施菜田土壤N_2O的减排目标。     

普通小麦—顶芒山羊草异源附加系的创建和鉴定——Ⅰ. 小麦花药培养对创建普通小麦—顶芒山羊草异源附加系的作用

通过顶芒山羊草(Aegilops comosa 2n=2x=14,MM)与波斯小麦(Triticumpersicum 2n=4x=28,AABB)杂交,人工合成遗传上相对稳定的双二倍体(2n=6x=42,AABBMM),以此为桥梁,与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种“欧柔”进行正反杂(回)交,借助花药培养过程中能产生非整倍单倍体和非整倍双倍体的特点,在改良C_(17)固体培养基上接种花药,诱导愈伤组织,获得145株绿色花粉植株,从中选择6株2n=44的双倍体和9株n=22的单倍体,用0.1％秋水仙素加倍处理n=22的单倍体,于花粉母细胞减数分裂时期进一步检查染色体构型,选择出6份21对染色体并附加有1对落后染色体的材料。     

Effects of added water and retrogradation on starch digestibility of cooked rice flours with different amylose content

Flours derived from rice varieties with different amylose content possess distinct physicochemical and molecular properties. The aim of this study was to determine optimal processing conditions for preparing rice flour-based foods with reduced starch digestibility. To do so, we evaluated the in vitro starch digestibility of rice flours with five varieties. Reducing the amount of water (from 10-fold to 4-fold of rice flour) used for cooking rice flour lowered its starch digestibility, and the magnitude of the decrease was positively correlated with amylose content. When retrogradation of cooked rice flour proceeded for 7 days, the digestibility of high-amylose rice flours declined rapidly in the first 3 days, whereas the digestibility of low-amylose rice flours declined continuously. Our analysis also demonstrated that the chain length distribution of starch molecules and the final and setback viscosity pasting properties were the most important parameters affecting the digestibility of rice flours. Based on our results, it appears possible to reduce rice starch digestibility by establishing optimum processing conditions for different varieties. We suggest a 7-fold addition of water and retrogradation for 1 day for high-amylose rice varieties and a 4-fold addition of water with 3 days of retrogradation for low-amylose rice.