大麦籽粒淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性研究

为研究大麦籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性,及淀粉各组分与β-葡聚糖的关系,以2个皮大麦、1个裸大麦和1个糯裸大麦为试验材料,测定花后7、14、21、28d淀粉各组分及β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明,甘啤6号淀粉各组分含量随灌浆推进均逐渐升高,在成熟期达到最大值;甘垦啤7号和甘垦6号均呈先升高后降低趋势,在花后21d有1个峰值。糯大麦C 2-1直链淀粉含量显著低于非糯大麦;支链淀粉含量显著高于非糯大麦,整个灌浆期呈先升高后降低趋势。β-葡聚糖含量均随灌浆时间延长逐渐升高,成熟期含量最高;整个灌浆期糯大麦C 2-1含量显著高于非糯大麦。相关分析表明,直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值与β-葡聚糖含量呈极显著负相关,可以将直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值作为高β-葡聚糖品种选育的一个指标。Logistic方程拟合发现,直链淀粉、β-葡聚糖最终积累量与积累起势与有效积累时间有关,支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最高积累速率和平均积累速率。     

PRRSV 2b蛋白与LGALS1相互作用的验证研究

旨在研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)2b蛋白与宿主细胞蛋白之间的相互作用。本研究利用酵母回返试验、GST-pull down试验、免疫共沉淀试验3种方法对LGALS1与PRRSV 2b蛋白间是否相互作用进行验证。结果表明:在酵母回返试验中,含有LGALS1与2b基因的杂交酵母菌株在SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade/AbA/X-α-gal的平板上生长出蓝色菌落;在GST-pull down试验中,LGALS1与2b蛋白反应的样品经Western blot可检测到融合蛋白带;在免疫共沉淀试验中,LGALS1与2b蛋白反应的样品经HA单抗沉淀后,经Western blot可检测到相应蛋白带。该研究证明了LGALS1与PRRSV 2b蛋白间发生相互作用,为研究PRRSV感染途径和增殖过程提供了理论基础。     

Evaluation of three non‐genetically modified soybean cultivars as ingredients and a yeast‐based additive as a supplement in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Two growth trials and a physiology assessment were conducted to evaluate three non‐genetically modified (GM) soybean cultivars as ingredients in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In addition, a commercially available fermented yeast product was evaluated as dietary supplement. For the growth trials (46 and 35 days, respectively, for trials 1 and 2), the basal diet was primarily composed of soybean meal (SBM), fishmeal (FM), whole wheat, corn protein concentrate, poultry meal (PM, pet food grade) and corn starch. Non‐GM cultivars were processed with novel methodologies to produce Navita? ingredients (N1, N2 and N3) which were incorporated at low (L) or high (H) levels into the experimental diets, in partial replacement of FM and full replacement of conventional SBM. The last two formulations incorporated the fermented yeast for a total of nine experimental diets (Table 1 ). Results from the growth trials indicate that shrimp fed diet 5 (HN2) exhibited significantly lower (p < .05) weight gain as compared to shrimp fed diets 1 and 2 (basal and LN1, respectively) in trial 1, as well as compared to animals fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 8 (basal, LN1, HN1 and basal + yeast) in trial 2. The feed conversion ratio significantly increased for shrimp fed diet 5, in contrast with shrimp fed diets 1, 2, 3 and 8 in trials 1 and 2, as well as compared to shrimp fed diets diet 6 (LN3) in trial 2. For the physiological assessment (stress and immune responses), only the effects of diets 1, 3, 8 and 9 (basal, HN1, basal + yeast and HN1 + yeast, respectively) were investigated. Granular cell counts were significantly higher for shrimp fed the yeast‐containing diets. Haemolymph glucose and haemolymph packed cell volume were significantly reduced for shrimp fed diets 3, 8 and 9. No significant differences were observed in total haemocyte counts, hyaline cells counts, semi‐granular cells counts, haemolymph protein, haemocyte phagocytic capacity and haemocyte respiratory burst activity. Results of this work indicate that selective soy breeding technology coupled with novel processing options has the potential to increase the nutritional value of conventional SBM for shrimp feeds. Trends on immune responses were more difficult to elucidate possibly due to the limited length of the feeding trial.     

Impact of native form oat β-glucan on starch digestion and postprandial glycemia

Whole grain oats, as a rich source of β-glucan, have been shown beneficial to glycemic control. In the current study, the impact of native form β-glucan in oat grains (NFO-glucan) on starch digestion and postprandial glycemia was investigated. The dry-milling prepared NFO-glucan sample was enriched with native form β-glucan (15.6%), and an in vitro starch digestion assay of NFO-glucan (0.5% starch equivalent) showed a significant decrease of starch digestion rate compared to oat starch (0.5%, w/v). However, pretreatment by either β-glucanase or pepsin significantly increased the starch digestion. Consistently, an in vivo examination on the postprandial glycemia of the cooked NFO-glucan sample using a mouse model displayed a significant decrease of postprandial glycemia compared to gelatinized oat starch. Further experiment on the pasting property of NFO-glucan sample by a rapid visco-analyser demonstrated both β-glucan and protein affected its viscosity profiles. Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) observation revealed a network-like native structure of β-glucan that might encapsulate protein and starch to reduce the enzyme accessibility and so the digestion of starch. Novel food processing technologies to maintain the native form of β-glucan in oat grains might be a better way to modulate the postprandial glycemia of oat-based whole grain foods.     

陆地棉GhMYB9基因克隆及结合特性分析

MYB转录因子蛋白普遍存在于植物中,广泛参与植物的生长发育和代谢调控。为研究GhMYB9基因对棉纤维的调控机制,使用PCR方法,从棉花中克隆1个R2R3-MYB基因GhMYB9(Gen Bank登录号:AF336286.1);利用生物信息学方法分析其氨基酸序列;构建酵母表达载体。结果表明,该基因c DNA全长1 145 bp,开放阅读框长795 bp,编码264个氨基酸,预测其蛋白分子量约为29.624 k D,等电点为9.13。推测的氨基酸序列中含有2个高度保守的SANT结构域。GhMYB9基因组包含2个外显子和1个内含子。进化树分析表明,GhMYB9和Gh MYB聚在同一分支(HQ234875.1)。酵母单杂交试验结果表明,GhMYB9转录因子能够特异结合AC顺式作用元件。本研究结果为进一步阐明GhMYB9的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

利用酵母双杂交膜系统筛选与小麦蓝矮植原体免疫膜蛋白互作的异沙叶蝉蛋白

正小麦蓝矮病(Wheat blue dwarf,WBD)是我国西北麦区一种重要植原体病害,在我国西部地区危害严重。该病害由异沙叶蝉(Psammotettix alienus L.)专化性传播,介体传毒成为病害流行的重要中心环节[1]。本实验室前期通过免疫荧光标记研究发现WBD植原体免疫膜蛋白(immunodominant membrane protein, IMP)与介体异沙叶蝉肌动蛋白互作,说明IMP在植原体传播和致病过程中起关键作用。     

Bacillus subtilis and yeast cell wall improve the intestinal health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens

1. The objective was to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis, yeast cell wall (YCW) and their combination on intestinal health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens over a 21-d period.

2. Using a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 800 1-d-old male Cobb 500 broilers were used to study the effects of feed additives (without additive or with zinc bacitracin, B. subtilis, YCW, and the combination of B. subtilis and YCW), pathogen challenge (without or with Clostridium perfringens challenge), and their interactive effects.

3. C. perfringens infection increased intestinal lesions scores, damaged intestinal histomorphology, increased serum endotoxin concentration, cytokine mRNA expression and intestinal population of C. perfringens and Escherichia coli and decreased ileal bifidobacteria numbers. The 4 additives decreased serum endotoxin. Zinc bacitracin tended to decrease cytokine mRNA expression and the intestinal number of C. perfringens and E. coli. B. subtilis, YCW and their combination increased cytokine mRNA expression. B. subtilis and YCW decreased the number of C. perfringens and E. coli in the ileum, and their combination decreased pathogens numbers in the ileum and caecum.

4. In conclusion, B. subtilis, YCW and their combination improved the intestinal health of NE-infected broilers, and could be potential alternatives to antibiotics.     

高抗氧化活性lager型啤酒酵母选育

采用过氧化氢刺激lager型啤酒酵母,Tadpoling法筛选细胞活力恢复较快突变菌,根据各菌株线粒体膜电位、胞内氧自由基(ROS)水平筛选获得4株活性较高菌株。比较突变菌与原始菌传代发酵性能、胞内ROS、活力指标及每一代细胞死亡率水平,最终获得一株抗氧化能力提高且活力稳定性较高啤酒酵母菌株。分析验证突变菌线粒体DNA修复相关基因MHR1发现,该基因发生部分碱基突变。