机收麻山药离散元模型构建及其仿真参数标定

由于麻山药收获过程缺乏有效数值模拟，在很大程度上阻碍了麻山药收获机的设计与优化。该文测定了麻山药的密度、长度、径向尺寸、抗压、抗弯及抗剪强度，基于离散元法建立了麻山药双峰分布模型，并对黏结参数进行校核；以土壤堆积角为响应值，对沙壤土基质间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和表面能4个参数进行标定，建立了土壤堆积角与4个参数之间的回归模型并进行验证，标定了麻山药与钢板、沙壤土间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数。试验结果表明，麻山药双峰分布模型能够表征麻山药的力学特性，参数校核得到法向刚度、切向刚度、临界法向应力、临界切向应力及黏结半径分别为9.3×105 N/m、3.0×106 N/m、0.58 MPa、0.14 MPa、3.5 mm；沙壤土基质间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数及表面能分别为0.42、0.20、0.30、0.40 J/m3，离散元仿真试验后得到的土壤堆积角与试验结果平均误差为1.48%；麻山药与钢板之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数及滚动摩擦因数分别为0.34、0.26、0.049，与沙壤土之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数及滚动摩擦因数分别为0.21、0.38、0.075。研究结果可为麻山药机械化收获及产后加工等仿真试验提供一定的理论参考。     

热风干燥过程中山药水分状态的变化研究

为了解山药的水分赋存状态的变化，以襄阳道地山药为材料，分别在60、70、80、90、100 ℃条件下进行热风干燥，采用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）和差式量热扫描（DSC）技术，每隔15 min测定山药在热风干燥过程中的水分状态及迁移规律。结果表明，在60~90 ℃条件下，温度越高，干基含水率的降速越快。山药的T2弛豫图谱有3个较为明显的吸收峰，随干燥进程的延续，各峰面积均明显减少，其中自由水所在峰的面积降幅最大，表明干燥过程中自由水散失最多，而且自由水逐渐向半结合水和结合水迁移，冷冻峰和解冻峰也随之变小。但在100 ℃下干燥时，样品可能因表面板结导致干基含水率、低场核磁吸收峰升高，冷冻和解冻峰面积增加。因此，在实际干燥过程中，山药的热风干燥温度不宜高至100 ℃。     

瑞昌山药遗传多样性及块茎品质变异分析

瑞昌山药是江西省地方名优山药品种,由于长期进行无性繁殖和种植户自留种,品种混杂退化严重,极大影响了瑞昌山药资源保护和可持续利用。对从瑞昌市不同产地收集的12份栽培种和2份野生种瑞昌山药资源进行遗传多样性和块茎营养品质分析。结果表明,12对SRAP引物和11对SSR引物在所有材料中共扩增出50条多态性条带。不同产地材料间存在一定的遗传差异,遗传相似系数在0.415～0.964之间。UPGMA聚类分析表明,当遗传相似系数为0.530时,可将14份瑞昌山药材料分为两类,第Ⅰ类包括12份栽培种,第Ⅱ类包括2份野生种;当遗传系数为0.735时,可将12份栽培种分为3个亚类。品质分析结果表明,不同产地瑞昌山药材料品质指标间的变异系数差异较大,其中纤维素的变化范围最大,变异系数为54.28%,还原性糖的变异系数最小。主成分分析结果表明,瑞昌夏畈镇产地的山药品质较优,适于进一步系统选优和提纯复壮。     

山药不同处理方式的保存效果

运用涂抹草木灰、石蜡及自然干燥、吹风机干燥等方法对山药茎段切口进行处理,研究不同切口处理方式对山药外观及品质的影响;比较不同浓度壳聚糖与15%柠檬酸组合对切片的保鲜影响,进行山药茎段切口处理方法及切片表面处理方法的筛选。结果表明:室温下涂抹草木灰对鲜切山药茎段的贮藏效果最好;4℃条件下,15%柠檬酸+0.5%壳聚糖处理对山药切片的保鲜效果最好。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on bulbil germination and early seedling growth in Chinese yam under different air temperatures

The present study investigated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) and air temperature on the germination of seed bulbils and the seedling vigour of two Chinese yam lines. Plants were grown under two [CO₂] levels, ambient and elevated (ambient + 200 μmol mol^?1), and two mean air temperature regimes, 22.2 °C (ambient + 1.4 °C) and 25.6 °C (ambient + 5.2 °C). Elevated [CO₂] did not affect bulbil germination under both air temperature regimes. During the early growth stage, the dry weight (DW) of leaves, vines, shoots, roots, belowground parts (roots + tubers) and whole plants were higher under elevated [CO₂] than ambient [CO₂] for both lines under the low- and high-temperature regimes. The values of vigour indexes (index I = germination % × seedling length and index II = germination % × seedling DW) were also higher under elevated [CO₂] than ambient [CO₂] for both lines. These results indicated that Chinese yam seedlings respond positively to elevated [CO₂] during the early growth stage. The above:belowground DW ratios were lower under elevated [CO₂] than ambient [CO₂] in seedlings with very small new tubers for both yam lines, indicating that elevated [CO₂] strongly affected the root growth in the early growth stage. The DWs of post-treatment seed bulbils were higher in the elevated [CO₂] under both air temperature regimes. The results showed that Chinese yam used a smaller amount of the reserves in seed bulbils under elevated [CO₂] than under ambient [CO₂].     

怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

悬挂式山药收获机振动挖掘碎土装置设计与试验

针对山药机械化收获整体占比低、作业效率低、收获损伤率高以及人工辅助作业劳动强度大等问题,基于经验设计方法,设计了全液压悬挂式单行山药收获机。研究了山药挖掘收获中关键部件——格栅式振动挖掘铲的结构,综合运用Solid Works的Motion与Simulation插件,对振动碎土装置进行了动力学仿真分析与计算,对该部件的静力学和动力学特征进行了分析。结合山药收获的农艺要求,研究了振动挖掘部分的频率、往复摆动振幅及其相关机械结构参数,确定了最优结构参数,并对其进行了强度分析、计算和校核,最后进行了田间收获试验。试验结果表明,振动挖掘碎土装置的作业效率较高,可实现土壤与山药黏连部分的快速、高效分离,机械收获完好率达到89. 2%,基本满足农户高效收获与低损率的要求。     

山药整地机械化作业技术规范

从作业条件、作业准备、作业方法等方面，介绍山药整地机械化作业技术的要点，论述其整地质量要求及相关参数计算方法，为山药种植产业的规范化及扩大化提供参考。     

河北省山药产量及施肥现状分析

以河北省山药主产区为调研对象,对山药施肥现状及存在问题进行了调研分析。结果表明:河北省山药平均产量水平为52.4 t/hm~2,高产农户所占比例为56.7%。总氮、磷、钾养分投入量分别为884、759和943 kg/hm~2,其中化肥氮、磷、钾养分投入量分别为560、630和720 kg/hm~2。根据养分分级等级进行评价,农户化肥氮、磷、钾投入过量比例分别为90.0%、98.3%和96.7%,不足比例分别为5.0%、0.0%和3.3%,合理比例仅为5.0%、1.7%和0.0%。因氮、磷、钾肥及有机肥的不合理施用导致的产量损失量,占最高产量的比例分别为2.63%、2.92%、4.34%和2.26%。     

Agronomic and economic performance of seed yam production using minisetts in the middle belt of Nigeria

White yam (Dioscorea rotundata) is an important tuber crop of West Africa and the Caribbean, and one of the key limiting factors in its production is the availability of good quality planting material. The Adaptive Yam Minisett Technique (AYMT) was designed to help overcome this constraint. The paper presents an analysis of agronomic and economic data collected across four years (2013 to 2016) of AYMT plots planted in two areas within the middle-belt of Nigeria. Of the 136 plots that were established, 11% were lost to flooding and damage from Fulani cattle. Mean yield was 13.16 t/ha, 17,747 tubers/ha and the mean tuber weight was 0.73 kg. Plot yield declined with an increase in planting time, while plots owned by female farmers were on average planted later than those owned by their male counterparts; this helps explain the effect of gender noted in a previous study. Differences in yield were also noted between the two areas, which could also partly be explained by differences in planting time. The plots were profitable, with a mean cost over the four years of Naira 915,196/ha, revenue of Naira 3,197,786/ha and gross margin of Naira 2,282,591/ha (equivalent to US$4,039, US$14,319 and US$10,280 respectively). The main factor influencing costs and revenue was year, with no effect of gender. There is a need for more research on planting time in AYMT and how it interacts with factors, such as yam variety.