Effects of commercial thinning,log position in the stem,and cutting width on the surface quality of cants produced by a chipper-canter

Fifteen stems of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) of 3 commercial thinned plots (control, moderate, and intensive thinning) and 15 stems of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P), both coming from the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region – Canada, were cross-cut into three 2.4?m length sections: bottom, middle, and top logs. Logs were processed with a chipper-canter at three cutting widths (12.7, 19.1, and 25.4?mm), producing chips and a three-faced cant. The middle section of the cant was used to evaluate surface quality across the grain on each face. Roughness and waviness parameters and depth of torn grain were recorded. Knot characteristics were assessed in the three cant faces. Poorer surface quality was found in the lower part compared to the upper part of the cant for both species. At larger cutting widths, jack pine logs coming from a natural stand showed lower surface quality compared to logs from thinned stands. Black spruce waviness increased with the cutting width and stem height. These results were attributed to the increase of forces and vibration when cutting at larger cutting widths, which was worsened by the presence of bigger, more numerous knots at the control plot and in the top logs. Black spruce had deeper torn grain compared to jack pine. Their differences in knot characteristics resulted in a maximum torn grain depth favored by the presence of more knots rather than by bigger knot size. Other knot characteristics, such as the position of the knots in the cant face, the insertion angle of the branch and the distribution of the knots around the log, should be studied to better understand the relationship between torn grain formation and knottiness.     

植保无人机旋翼下洗气流对喷幅的影响研究

基于XV-2植保无人机,利用流体仿真,探究了该无人机旋翼下洗气流的速度分布特性。在此基础上,分析了在下洗气流影响下的雾滴运动方式,并进行实地测试。仿真分析说明:旋翼下洗气流从中心向外的流速差使流场从上向下有向外的铺展效应,使得喷幅增大,且喷幅与飞行高度成正比;旋翼外沿的卷扬气流使得喷幅范围内的雾滴沉积数出现2个峰值。试验结果表明:当飞行高度为6 m时,有效喷幅为10 m;飞行高度8 m时,有效喷幅为12 m。2种飞行高度下的雾滴分布均匀性基本一致。试验结果与仿真结果基本一致。研究结果可为无人机喷雾系统设计和航空植保作业参数的选择提供参考依据。     

Tree-ring response of Larix chinensis on regional climate and sea-surface temperature variations in alpine timberline in the Qinling Mountains

Tree-ring width chronologies of Larix chinensis were developed from the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,and climatic factors affecting the tree-ring widths of L.chinensis were examined.Correlation analysis showed that similar correlations between tree-ring width chronologies and climatic factors demonstrated that radial growth responded to climate change on both slopes.The radial growth of L.chinensis was mainly limited by temperature,especially the growing season.In contrast,both chronologies were negatively correlated with precipitation in May of the previous year and April of the current year.Spatial climate-correlation analyses with gridded land-surface climate data revealed that our tree-ring width chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal over much of northcentral and eastern China.Spatial correlation with seasurface temperature fields highlights the influence of the Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean.Wavelet coherence analysis indicated the existence of some decadal and interannual cycles in the two tree-ring width chronologies.This may suggest the influences of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation and solar activity on tree growth in the Qinling Mountains.These findings will help us understand the growth response of L.chinensis to climate change in the Qinling region,and they provide critical information for future climate reconstructions based on this species in semi-humid regions.     

北京松山自然保护区主要树种冠幅预测模型研究

冠幅作为林业研究的关键因子，开展冠幅的研究对于精准林业发展具有重要意义。为了更好地利用冠幅对树木其他因子进行预测，选取了北京市松山自然保护区油松、白蜡、蒙古栎等14个常见树种作为研究对象，基于6种回归方程，借助样地实测数据分别建立每个树种的胸径 冠幅和树高 冠幅模型，并针对每个树种筛选出的最优方程进行了精度检验。结果表明，研建的14个树种的模型具有较好的拟合精度，决定系数R2绝大多数都大于0.5，其中，核桃的胸径 冠幅模型最高，R2=0.951，树高-冠幅模型R2=0.887，蒙古栎树高-冠幅模型最低，R2=0.506，也超过了0.5。所建模型的精度评价指标具有一定的统计学意义，对北京市松山地区大面积林分参数的预测预估有重要的参考价值。     

苦瓜种子大小和单粒质量的遗传分析

以苦瓜自交系K7-359(P_1)和K7-422(P_2)分别作为母本和父本,通过杂交获得F_1,F_1自交获得F_2群体,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析苦瓜种子长度、宽度和单粒质量的遗传规律。结果表明,苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的遗传均符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(C-0模型),多基因遗传率分别为84.91%和76.55%,说明对苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的选择宜在高世代进行;苦瓜种子宽度的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(D-0模型),主基因和多基因遗传率分别为79.30%和3.86%,主基因遗传效应主要以加性效应为主,说明对种子宽度的改良可以采用组合育种的策略,且适宜在早期世代进行选择。     

种植方式对水稻产量及根系性状的影响

2011—2012年在湖南长沙以超级杂交稻Y两优1号、杂交稻汕优63和常规稻黄华占为材料的大田定位试验,比较了垄作梯式栽培技术(两种垄规格)和垄厢栽培技术(3种厢规格)对水稻产量和根系性状的影响。与平作栽培(T0)相比,窄垄作梯式栽培(T1)和垄厢栽培(T3)均可提高水稻产量,其中以T1的产量最高,比T0平均增产22.2%(17.1%～27.2%),其次T3平均增产10.4%(5.8%～15.0%),但随着垄宽或厢宽的增加,产量增幅逐渐下降。较高的穗数和每穗粒数、良好的根系特性(根系氧化力、根表面吸收面积、根系孔隙度)以及齐穗后干物质积累量大是上述两种栽培技术增产的重要原因。同时,根解剖结构表明垄作梯式栽培的根皮层减小、中柱和导管面积增大,增强了水分吸收能力。     

侧渠底高对分水口水力特性影响数值模拟研究

目前对灌区分水口水力性能的研究多集中在主渠和侧渠底部高程相等的情况下，对于普遍存在的侧渠底部高程高于主渠时的分流特性缺乏系统研究。该文在试验基础上，利用FLOW-3D软件对侧渠不同底高、主渠来流量的矩形渠道分水口进行了数值模拟研究，将主渠各断面水深、流速的模拟值与实测值进行对比，发现流速变化与实测值变化规律基本一致，相对误差均小于10%，利用FLOW-3D对分水口进行数值计算具有合理可信性。结果表明：分水口处的水面波动受主渠来流的影响，流量越大，波动越大；高于侧渠底高的水流会对低于侧渠底高的下层水流产生影响，使下层水流具有向上的流速分量，参与分水口分流；同一主渠来流量下，随侧渠底高的增加，侧渠进口断面最大流速和水深逐渐减小；侧渠进口断面靠近上游端的区域湍动较大，而在下游端靠近底部湍动能值较小。研究为灌区配水及水量控制提供了参考依据。     

全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机设计与试验

为进一步提升全膜双垄沟覆膜种床机械化耕整作业效果与作业效率,基于全膜双垄沟种床双幅覆膜覆土农艺技术栽培模式,设计全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机,实现了全膜双垄沟种床构建过程中的旋耕、起垄、施肥、双幅覆膜覆土及镇压的一体化作业。在设定联合作业机传动系统的前提下,对样机关键部件进行设计与选型,确定其旋耕刀组、排肥装置、提土-种床覆土装置的工作参数与功耗,同时解析了刮板式提土装置、水平双向螺旋输土装置作业过程,得到满足双幅覆膜种床各部位覆土的必要条件。应用离散单元法对提土-种床覆土装置"提土-输土-覆土"动态作业过程进行数值模拟,分析了各工作环节输土、覆土特性,对影响覆土作业效果的相关因素进行了探讨。田间试验结果表明,当全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机前进速度为1. 10 m/s时,采光面地膜机械破损程度为39. 8 mm/m~2、种床膜边覆土宽度合格率为94. 5%、大垄垄体中心覆土宽度合格率为91. 6%、种床覆土厚度合格率为97. 5%、种床起垄高度合格率为93. 2%,试验指标均符合国家与行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计和实际作业要求,田间试验工况与仿真结果基本一致。     

冠心病血瘀证与血液检验相关指标分析

目的 探讨冠心病血瘀证与血液相关检验指标的关系。方法 选择175例冠心病患者，其中血瘀证组112例，非血瘀证组63例。研究对象均在住院次日清晨平躺测量血压，空腹状态下抽取静脉血液留置标本，检测血常规和血脂、血糖、肾功能等生化指标，记录患者吸烟史。比较两组患者指标的差异性。结果 血瘀证组患者的血常规中红细胞分布宽度-CV值（Rdw-cv）、红细胞分布宽度-SD值（Rdw-sd）、血小板分布宽度（Pdw）、血小板平均体积（Mpv）、血小板比积（Pct）、大型血小板比率（P-lct）均明显高于非血瘀证组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；血瘀证组患者载脂蛋白B（ApoB）、血脂总胆固醇（TC）均明显高于非血瘀证组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；血瘀证组中患者吸烟率明显高于非血瘀证组（P<0.05）。结论 冠心病血瘀证组患者Rdw-cv、Rdw-sd、Pdw、Mpv、Pct、P-lct、TC、ApoB及烟率均明显高于非血瘀证组，差异具有统计学意义，故以上指标可以作为冠心病血瘀证中医辨证分型的客观临床指标。     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.