苗期调控对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

针对冬小麦因播期推迟造成产量损失的问题,以2个不同分蘖能力的冬小麦品种中麦8号和航麦501为供试材料,研究苗期覆膜和补施氮肥对晚播小麦产量及氮素利用的影响。试验设置3个播期：10月5日适期播种（S0,对照）、10月15日适当晚播（S1）和10月25日过晚播（S2）。结果表明：随着播期推迟,小麦产量逐渐降低。晚播条件下,苗期覆膜和补施氮肥可调控冬小麦产量构成因素、农艺性状、茎蘖生长、成穗率以及氮素的吸收利用。综合而言,晚播条件下,覆膜和补施氮肥有利于提高小麦穗长、总小穗数及冬前群体数量;同时,覆膜可显著提高2个品种晚播条件下的分蘖成穗率和过晚播条件下的植株氮素积累量（PNA）及氮肥偏生产力（PFP）,增幅分别为46.4%~89.1%、12.7%~26.5%和19.5%~20.1%;补施氮肥在过晚播条件下有利于成穗率的提高,增幅为18.5%~34.7%。2种调控措施均有利于增加晚播小麦产量,增幅达1.4%~19.5%。但不同分蘖力的小麦对2种调控措施的响应存在差异。综合考虑产量及氮素利用等各方面因素,在晚播条件下,相比于补施氮肥,苗期覆膜更有利于提高晚播小麦产量,弥补晚播造成的产量损失,但在实际操作和节约生产成本方面,前者优于后者。     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

Molecular detection of sugarcane striate virus and sugarcane white streak virus and their prevalence in the Miami World Collection of sugarcane and related grasses

Viruses in the genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae), including those infecting sugarcane, have natural geographical ranges almost exclusively restricted to Africa and the Indian Ocean islands off the African coast. Only sugarcane white streak virus (SWSV) in Barbados and sugarcane striate virus (SStrV) in Florida and Guadeloupe are known to infect a few sugarcane varieties in the Western Hemisphere. In this study, PCR assays were developed to detect these two viruses in sugarcane. Five hundred and seventy-one DNA samples from Saccharum species and interspecific hybrids from the Miami World Collection of sugarcane and related grasses were tested for the presence of SStrV and SWSV by PCR. No variety was found infected by SWSV but SStrV was detected in 19 varieties. PCR data were confirmed by sequencing amplified fragments (248 bp). These fragments shared 93%–100% nucleotide identity with SStrV sequences from the GenBank database. SStrV isolates were distributed in six phylogenetic groups, including the four strains of the virus. Most varieties infected by SStrV originated from Asia, thus confirming a previous hypothesis stating that this virus originated from this continent. Absence of SStrV in commercial sugarcane in Florida also suggested that this virus has not been spread in this location, while infected plants have been present for several decades.     

基于亲水相互作用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法研究白茶萎凋过程中代谢物的变化

采用亲水相互作用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法,对白茶鲜叶(F)和室内萎凋处理29 h(W)、53 h(P)的2个萎凋样进行了代谢物靶向检测,Quality control(QC)样本中共检测到111个代谢物,主要包括47种氨基酸及其衍生物、29种核酸类代谢物、12种维生素和辅酶、17种糖代谢物和6种甘油磷脂代谢物。与鲜叶F相比,萎凋叶W和P中显著增加的代谢物分别有39种和41种,其中共有代谢物35种;显著降低的代谢物分别有9种和11种,其中共有代谢物8种。显著变化代谢物分析结果表明,萎凋叶的细胞膜受损、DNA和RNA降解、氨基酸衍生物显著增加、糖代谢异常。根据代谢物含量的变化幅度和组成特异性,筛选了表征萎凋叶细胞膜生理状态和核酸、糖代谢的标志代谢物。此外,针对代谢物中氨基酸和核苷酸的组成特点,提出了研究氨基酸衍生物滋味特性的必要性和应用代谢谱分析建立萎凋工艺适度标准的可能性。     

白茶萎凋过程萜烯类合成相关基因的鉴定和表达分析

萜烯类化合物是植物中重要的次生代谢产物之一,对茶树挥发性香气的组成起着重要作用。从茶树基因组数据库中鉴定获得了141个茶树萜烯类合成相关基因,并对其不同组织表达特异性进行分析,筛选出16个在茶树顶芽和嫩叶中高表达的萜烯类合成代表基因。生物信息学分析结果表明,系统进化关系将茶树与拟南芥和葡萄的萜烯类合成相关基因分成了4个亚家族;茶树萜烯类合成相关基因含有5~14个外显子,在上游启动子区域分析发现了大量与光响应、植物生长发育、激素和胁迫响应密切相关的顺式作用元件。荧光定量检测发现,CsMVK、CsDXS和CsGGPS在白茶萎凋过程中的表达显著上调;CsDXR、CsMCT、CsCMK、CsMCS、CsHDS、CsGPPS和CsGGPPS在萎凋4 h和24 h的表达达到峰值。本研究结果为进一步挖掘茶叶萎凋过程中萜烯类合成相关基因对茶叶香气组分积累提供了理论依据。     

滴灌下氮盐交互对加工番茄荧光特性及产量品质的影响

【目的】新疆有着全中国最大面积的盐碱地和加工番茄的种植基地。在新疆开展两年试验以研究加工番茄在氮盐交互下生长、生理、产量和品质的变化规律,获得适宜新疆盐碱地种植加工番茄的合理施氮量和土壤盐分范围,为新疆扩大加工番茄种植面积和合理施氮提供科学的理论依据及技术途径。【方法】试验于2017和2018年在石河子大学现代节水灌溉兵团重点实验基地进行,以当地主栽品种3166为试验材料,2017年试验共设置4个土壤含盐量水平：1.5、4.0、7.0和10.0 g·kg ^-1及4个氮素水平：201、166、131和96 kg·hm ^-2,2018年在2017年的基础上去除10.0 g·kg ^-1的土壤含盐量,增加5.0 g·kg ^-1的土壤含盐量和不施氮量处理。试验测定和分析加工番茄的荧光叶绿素参数、产量和品质指标。【结果】在氮盐交互下,加工番茄荧光参数及产量等指标均呈现出复杂的变化规律。绝大多数的荧光参数及产量受土壤盐分的主导作用较氮素强,在同等氮素水平下,7.0 g·kg ^-1和10.0 g·kg ^-1的土壤盐分对加工番茄荧光指标抑制程度最大;低盐分水平下,166 kg·hm ^-2的中等偏高的施氮量对加工番茄的荧光指标促进作用最大,其次是施氮201 kg·hm ^-2的处理;在中等偏高的盐分水平下,96 kg·hm ^-2的低氮对加工番茄的最好,其次为不施氮水平。加工番茄的鲜果产量总体上符合“盐高产低”的规律,但低氮高盐处理的产量明显高于其他同盐度的氮素水平下的产量。可溶性固形物、VC、可溶性糖和可滴定酸均随着土壤含盐量的增大逐渐增大,糖酸比的最大值均出现在低盐处理,盐分对加工番茄品质的影响远高于氮素,二者交互对加工番茄的品质并无显著性影响。通过图形叠加分析方法,得出了加工番茄获得相对最优产量和品质的合理施氮范围和土壤含盐量区间。【结论】在盐碱程度偏高的土壤可通过少施氮素来提高加工番茄产量;加工番茄获得相对最优产量和品质的合理施氮范围和土壤含盐量区间为N：98.12—119.60 kg·hm ^-2,S：3.57—5.58 g·kg ^-1。     

秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量对河套灌区夏玉米氮利用及产量影响

为探究夏玉米氮素转运利用规律、产量及土壤NO3－-N含量分布对秸秆覆盖方式和施氮量的响应，在河套灌区开展2a不同秸秆覆盖方式（秸秆表覆B处理、秸秆深埋S处理）和不同施氮水平（不施氮N0、低氮N1、中氮N2、高氮N3）的田间试验，以传统耕作模式为对照（CK处理）。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层，各处理NO3－-N含量随施氮量增加而增大，成熟期B和CK处理随土层加深呈先减后增趋势，而S处理呈先增后减趋势；B处理提高0～20 cm土层NO3－-N含量，而S处理提高20～40 cm土层NO3－-N含量（P<0.05）；秸秆覆盖可减少0～100 cm土层NO3－-N累积损失量，且显著提高氮肥利用率及夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率，SN2处理效果较佳。相比CK处理，成熟期的SN2处理2 a平均NO3－-N累积损失量降低39.6%，氮肥利用率较提高28.5%，夏玉米氮素转运量对籽粒产量的贡献率提高32.1%，增产9.3%。综合分析，秸秆深埋配施中氮效果较佳，可实现河套灌区夏玉米提效增产的目标，并减少深层土壤NO3－-N累积损失量，为优化河套灌区夏玉米耕作施氮模式和缓解农业面源污染提供参考。     

独立圆盘耙单体排列参数对秸秆堵塞影响研究

为对秸秆覆盖混埋还田耕整地技术模式进行深入研究,需要研发配套圆盘耙联合整地机具,机具研发过程中首先要解决受秸秆影响的堵塞问题。通过进行影响因素的单因素试验和3因素3水平正交试验,探索独立连接圆盘耙单体排列参数对秸秆堵塞问题的影响规律。通过单因素试验确定对应机具通过性评分为3分的三个因素临界值:耙片间距为275 mm,横梁间距为900 mm,错位间距取值全部满足试验要求。正交试验极差分析结果表明:耙片排列参数对机具堵塞影响主次顺序为耙片间距B,横梁间距L,错位间距S;机具通过性的较优组合为耙片间距325 mm,横梁间距1 100 mm,错位间距0 mm。正交试验方差分析结果表明机具排列参数耙片间距和横梁间距对机具堵塞影响显著,错位间距对机具堵塞影响不显著。正交试验回归分析结果得到拟合度较高的机具通过性回归方程:T=0.833B+0.667L。本文试验结果为圆盘耙联合整地机的开发与设计提供数据参考。     

浅析花香白茶品质特征及工艺提升

宁德市自2013年开始以高香型茶树品种制作花香白茶,获消费者青睐。文章通过分析宁德市第八届茶王赛上选送的花香白茶品质,总结出提高花香白茶品质的技术要点。