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1.
苏程程  单秀娟  杨涛 《水产学报》2021,45(12):1983-1992
关键种及其与群落中其他物种的联系,对维持整个生态系统的稳定性发挥了重要作用。基于2016-2018年山东半岛南部海域渔业资源调查与渔业种类食性文献数据,构建了山东半岛南部海域食物网拓扑结构并计算了拓扑重要性指数,筛选了群落关键种并分析了其年际变化。2016-2018年山东半岛南部海域食物网包含物种20~22个,摄食关系数量59~65个,年际差异不明显;食物网拓扑结构密度范围为0.3048~0.3684,种间关联度为0.1451~0.1634;群落关键种均为鳀(Engraulis japonicus)和黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)。鳀作为关键被捕食者,黄鮟鱇作为关键捕食者,两者对群落结构的能量流动和信息传递起关键作用;鳀和黄鮟鱇在2016-2018年均为优势种,但鳀优势度逐年下降,细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)从2017年开始也成为优势种。  相似文献   
2.
山东近海口虾蛄单位补充量渔获量评估   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
为完善口虾蛄的基础生物学资料,并为口虾蛄资源的管理提供科学指导和理论依据,本研究根据2016至2017年山东近海渔业资源底拖网调查获得的口虾蛄体长、体质量数据,估算了口虾蛄的生长、死亡参数,构建了基于体长结构的单位补充量渔获量(YPR)模型,研究口虾蛄的资源动态和管理策略。采集调查口虾蛄样品共5028尾,体长—体质量关系的表达式为W=0.0145L2.88,为负异速生长;使用ELEFAN方法估算出口虾蛄的渐进体长L∞为19.87 cm,生长速率K为0.62 a−1。口虾蛄的生长表现出明显的季节性变化规律,生长参数的季节振幅C为0.76,10月份生长最快,4月份生长最慢。通过体长转换的渔获曲线估算出口虾蛄的总死亡系数Z为3.24 a−1,根据不同方法估算自然死亡系数M的范围为0.75~1.27 a−1,捕捞死亡系数F的估算范围为1.96~2.49 a−1,开发率的均值为0.67。YPR模型结果显示,随着F增大,YPR值呈现先上升后下降的趋势,生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax的值分别为0.92a−1和1.88a−1。口虾蛄资源处于过度开发的状态,应降低捕捞压力,同时调整开捕体长,以维持口虾蛄渔业资源量和渔获量。  相似文献   
3.
Plant eradication is difficult, particularly in remote, protected areas. The Southern Ocean Islands are very isolated and highly protected, but the flora contains many alien plants. Small restricted populations have been eradicated, but eradication of established species has proven difficult. A better understanding of the efficacy of control methods at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and their off‐target impacts may increase eradication success. With interest in controlling non‐native Poa annua in the region, we aimed to determine if physical and chemical methods can control P. annua (the sub‐Antarctic biotype) in sub‐Antarctic conditions and examined their impact on native plants. We quantified the effectiveness of physical control methods on P. annua in situ on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island through field‐based experiments and assessed their selectivity on P. annua compared with native grasses. We also quantified the effectiveness of several herbicides on P. annua at sub‐Antarctic temperatures and assessed their selectivity on native grasses. Of the four physical disturbance methods tested, none effectively reduced P. annua cover as one‐off treatments. Of the herbicide treatments, glyphosate and trifloxysulfuron sodium were effective and were less damaging to native grass species, indicating potential selectivity. Physical control was of limited effectiveness, but did not affect native species richness. An integrated weed management programme utilising the strategic use of selective herbicides with follow‐up chemical and physical intervention may balance control and biodiversity outcomes. This research highlights the importance of site‐specific testing of control methods and understanding off‐target impacts of control when managing alien plant species in protected areas.  相似文献   
4.
  1. In 1949, Aldo Leopold formalized the concept of the ‘land ethic’, in what emerged as a foundational and transformational way of thinking about natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and stewardship in terrestrial systems. Yet, the land ethic has inherent linkages to aquatic ecosystems; Leopold himself conducted research on rivers and lakes, and freshwater ecosystems figured widely in his writing.
  2. We reflect on the land ethic and other aspects of Leopold's scholarship to identify key messages that provide insight into the stewardship and management of freshwater ecosystems around the globe. We also frame what we call the ‘freshwater ethic’ around Leopold's legacy. Although Leopold could not have envisaged the stressors affecting modern aquatic ecosystems, his core principles remain salient. These apply not only to ecosystem protection, but also to the ethics of modern conservation economics, sustainability, and the protection of natural capital, in which lakes, rivers, and wetlands now figure prominently.
  3. We identify key ‘Aldo-inspired’ recommendations for protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems in the Anthropocene that emanate directly from his writings (e.g. adopt an ecosystem approach, identify win–win–win scenarios, recognize the irreplaceability of wild waters, and strive for freshwater optimism).
  4. In an epoch where links between people and nature are becoming more explicit in environmental management, policy, and governance, we suggest that Aldo Leopold's work illustrates how inspirational, seminal thinkers have offered leadership in this domain. We contend that today there is still much that can be learned from Leopold, especially by the next generation of environmental practitioners, to ensure the effective stewardship of our aquatic ecosystems.
  5. We submit that the adoption of a freshwater ethic in parallel with Leopold's land ethic will enhance the stewardship of the world's increasingly threatened fresh waters by raising the profile of the plight of fresh waters and identifying enduring actions that, if embraced, will help conserve and restore biodiversity.
  相似文献   
5.
秘鲁外海茎柔鱼肌肉组织的能量积累   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
能量积累是表征生物体身体能量储备水平的重要指标之一,对寿命短、生长快且终生一次繁殖的头足类属种的表征作用尤显重要。本实验根据我国远洋渔业鱿钓渔船于2014年6-8月在秘鲁外海(10?26?S~17?17?S,79?17?W~82?39?W)作业期间随机采集的茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)样本173尾(雌性107尾,雄性66尾),利用数学统计方法和组织能量密度测定技术,分析了该柔鱼个体的体重-胴长生长和胴体、足腕、尾鳍等肌肉组织的能量密度及其能量积累过程。结果显示,茎柔鱼雌雄个体的胴长、体重分别为(262.12±38.33)mm、(541.69±251.69)g,以及(251.37±31.90)mm、(449.78±179.99)g;雌雄个体的体重-胴长生长存在显著性差异(P0.05)。雌雄个体肌肉组织能量密度均以胴体的为最高,分别为(20.56±1.12)k J/g和(20.67±0.76)k J/g;足腕次之,分别为(20.09±1.25)k J/g和(19.95±0.87)k J/g;尾鳍最低,分别为(19.92±1.05)k J/g和(19.63±0.96)k J/g;同一组织雌雄个体间的组织能量密度无显著性差异(P0.05)。胴体、足腕、尾鳍等组织间的能量积累差异性显著(P0.05),胴体是最大的能量积累单元。其中,雌性个体胴体、足腕、尾鳍三组织的能量积累占比分别为63.14%、25.23%和11.63%;雄性个体的分别为65.89%、22.91%和11.20%。此外,胴体、足腕、尾鳍肌肉组织的能量随着个体生长积累显著(P0.05),并且这些肌肉组织的能量积累自低纬度向高纬度海域显著增加(P0.05),表明秘鲁外海茎柔鱼肌肉组织的能量积累过程是一个索饵育肥及其生长的过程。  相似文献   
6.
蟹类是福建海区重要的经济渔获种类之一。本文基于2009年1月-011年12月期间进行的蟹类调查资料,分析了福建中南部近海四种捕捞作业渔获物中蟹类的种类组成和分布特点。结果表明:福建中南部近海海域有蟹类94种,隶属16科、53属,以亚热带和热带的暖水性种为主,与南海关系最为密切,而与黄、渤海关系较为疏远。从蟹种分布区域看,这些蟹类在浅海均有分布,其中26.6%的蟹类既分布于浅海又分布于潮间带。从蟹种个体大小看,福建海区蟹类多数属于中小型种类。高强度捕捞加剧了对蟹类资源的破坏,因此需要调整捕捞作业结构,拓展外海蟹类捕捞作业,开展资源动态监测和苗种放流增殖工作,并实施TAC管理制度。  相似文献   
7.
This study presents a multi-disciplinary decision-support tool, which integrates geo-statistics, social network analysis (SNA), spatial-stochastic spread model, economic analysis and mapping/visualization capabilities for the evaluation of the sanitary and socio-economic impact of livestock diseases under diverse epidemiologic scenarios. We illustrate the applicability of this tool using foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peru as an example. The approach consisted on a flexible, multistep process that may be easily adapted based on data availability. The first module (mI) uses a geo-statistical approach for the estimation (if needed) of the distribution and abundance of susceptible population (in the example here, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and camelids) at farm-level in the region or country of interest (Peru). The second module (mII) applies SNA for evaluating the farm-to-farm contact patterns and for exploring the structure and frequency of between-farm animal movements as a proxy for potential disease introduction or spread. The third module (mIII) integrates mI–II outputs into a spatial-stochastic model that simulates within- and between-farm FMD-transmission. The economic module (mIV) connects outputs from mI–III to provide an estimate of associated direct and indirect costs. A visualization module (mV) is also implemented to graph and map the outputs of module I–IV. After 1000 simulated epidemics, the mean (95% probability interval) number of outbreaks, infected animals, epidemic duration, and direct costs were 37 (1, 1164), 2152 (1, 13, 250), 63 days (0, 442), and US$ 1.2 million (1072, 9.5 million), respectively. Spread of disease was primarily local (<4.5 km), but geolocation and type of index farm strongly influenced the extent and spatial patterns of an epidemic. The approach is intended to support decisions in the last phase of the FMD eradication program in Peru, in particular to inform and support the implementation of risk-based surveillance and livestock insurance systems that may help to prevent and control potential FMD virus incursions into Peru.  相似文献   
8.
中国海洋一般中上层经济鱼类生物学研究的回顾与前瞻   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
中国海洋一般中上层经济鱼类种类繁多,大多为r选择型或由K选择型演变为r选择型,资源更新速度较快、可持续利用的前景较为广阔,在中国海洋捕捞业产量中的比重呈上升趋势。本文综述了中国海洋一般中上层经济鱼类的渔业发展概况,着重介绍了鳓(Ilisha elongata)、灰鲳(Pampus cinereus)、竹鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、金色小沙丁鱼(Sardinella aurita)、黄海鲱(Clupea harengus pallasi)和黄鲫(Setipinna taty)等6种主要种类资源生物学的研究进展,概述了这些种类的种群鉴别和划分、洄游分布、越冬场、产卵场及其产卵期、年龄和生长、摄食习性、生殖力和群体结构变动,以及其资源量和可捕量的评估,同时展望了其资源生物学研究的前景并提出了前瞻性建议。  相似文献   
9.
One of the basic steps in objective analysis of sperm motility is the subdivision of a motile sperm population into slow, medium and rapid categories based on their velocity. However, for CASA analysis of quail sperm, the velocity values for categorization of slow, medium and rapid sperm have not yet been standardized. To identify the cut‐off values of “velocity curvilinear” (VCL) for quail sperm categorization, we captured and analysed 22,300 tracks of quail sperm using SCA®‐CASA. The median and mean VCL values were 85 and 97 μm/s. To define the VCL cut‐off values, we used two methods. In the first, we identified the upper (rapid sperm) and lower (slow sperm) cut‐off values using: (i) median VCL ± 25% or ± 50% or ± 75% of median VCL value; (ii) first and third quartile values of VCL data (i.e. 25% cut‐off setting); and (iii) 33% and 66% of VCL data. Among these settings, sperm categories and their corresponding motility characteristics recorded using the “25%” setting (i.e. slow ≤36 ≤ medium ≤154 ≤ rapid) were found the most realistic and coherent with male ranking by fertility. In the second method, we calculated heteroscedasticity in the total VCL data using PCA and the two‐step clustering method. With this approach, the mean of the high and low clusters was 165 and 51 μm/s, respectively. Together, the mean from two methods suggested that, for SCA®‐CASA categorization of quail sperm, sperm should be classed as “rapid” at VCL ≥160 μm/s and “slow” at VCL ≤45 μm/s.  相似文献   
10.
贵州省丹寨县产业扶贫的“三带”模式   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
介绍了丹寨县围绕"品牌带产业、企业带基地、合作社带贫困户"的"三带"模式开拓的科学治贫、精准扶贫、有效脱贫之路,详细阐述了丹寨县以生猪"代养"模式、哈密瓜扶贫模式、姬松茸种植"一户一棚"模式为代表的成果显著的"三带"模式,认为该模式能为加大产业扶贫力度、提高产业扶贫水平提供参考。  相似文献   
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