Effects of predator-induced visual and olfactory cues on 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) foraging behaviour

Abstract –  Foraging juvenile fish with relatively high food demands are usually vulnerable to various aquatic and avian predators. To compromise between foraging and antipredator activity, they need exact and reliable information about current predation risk. Among direct predator-induced cues, visual and olfactory signals are considered to be most important. Food intake rates and prey-size selectivity of laboratory-reared, naive young-of-the-year (YOY) perch, Perca fluviatilis , were studied in experiments with Daphnia magna of two size classes: 2.8 and 1.3 mm as prey and northern pike, Esox lucius , as predator. Neither total intake rate nor prey-size selectivity was modified by predator kairomones alone (water from an aquarium with a pike was pumped into the test aquaria) under daylight conditions. Visual presentation of pike reduced total food intake by perch. This effect was significantly more pronounced (synergistic) when visual and olfactory cues were presented simultaneously to foraging perch. Moreover, the combination of cues caused a significant shift in prey-size selection, expressed as a reduced proportion of large prey in the diet. Our observations demonstrate that predator-induced olfactory cues alone are less important modifiers of the feeding behaviour of naive YOY perch than visual cues under daylight conditions. However, pike odour acts as a modulatory stimulus enhancing the effects of visual cues, which trigger an innate response in perch.     

WTO协议的文体特征探析

应用现代文体学理论并结合语用学和认知语言学理论观点,尝试从字位与书写、词汇、句法层面描述和分析WTO英文协议的文体特征,希望对理解和翻译世界贸易法规和类似的经贸法规有所帮助。     

云南醉鱼草属(Buddleja L.) 观赏植物资源的调查研究

 在对云南分布的醉鱼草属观赏资源系统调查和资料整理的基础上, 研究了该属植物在云南的地理分布规律及25 种(包括变种) 醉鱼草的观赏性状, 包括花、叶、香气等观赏特征及其开花期, 指出开发利用面对的问题和应采取的措施。     

2种中国黑块菌的介绍及可持续发展研究

黑块菌是一类珍稀的外生菌根食用菌。着重描述印度块菌和夏块菌的形态特征和鉴别特征,并介绍它们的生境及分布区域。同时,对块菌的可持续发展提出建议。     

西藏阿里地区耕地的时空分异特征及其影响因素

研究西藏阿里地区耕地时空分异特征,为阿里土地利用现状、农业用地规划、耕地可持续发展等提供参考。该研究基于Google Earth 高分影像,目视解译获取2005、2013和2020年3期阿里地区耕地数据,运用ArcGIS软件识别耕地时空分异及影响因素。结果发现：1)阿里地区耕地分散破碎,以普兰县西南部和札达县中部的河谷地带较集中,且以小斑块为主。2)在空间分异上,耕地主要分布于海拔3500～4500 m、坡度0～6°、坡向西南方、年均降水量0～25 mm、年均温0～5℃、距道路和河流< 200 m的区域。3)在时间分异上,2005—2020年,耕地面积整体呈增长趋势,集聚区呈多区域化。阿里南部地区增加缓慢甚至有下降趋势,北部地区增加明显。总体而言阿里地区耕地以区位条件和水热条件为基础条件,并受人口数量、非农化发展水平、市场需求等影响存在时空分异特征,且不同地区耕地分布和面积变化存在差异。     

近代黄河三角洲段渤海海岸线缓冲带土地利用时空特征分析

通过解译1986、1996和2001年遥感图像,获得了黄河三角洲海岸带土地覆被数据。将该地区土地覆被分为9种类型：水域、芦苇、林地、耕地、柽柳、柽柳芦苇、翅碱蓬獐茅、滩涂、建设用地,并将3 km宽的海岸带分为6个缓冲带,每个带宽0.5 km。运用ARC/INFO软件和景观生态学方法,研究了渤海海岸线缓冲带的土地利用和景观格局变化。主要结果如下：在空间上,1986年和2001年各缓冲带土地利用程度综合指数随着距海岸线距离的增大而升高,两者呈直线关系;但在1996年,两者之间未呈现直线关系。在时间上,各缓冲带土地利用程度综合指数逐年增加;除了优势度外,所研究的其他景观格局指标与距海岸线的距离没有显著关系。     

论我国行政文化的传统特征与现代重构

以“官本位”、“人治”、集权和封闭性与排他性为特征的我国传统行政文化正受到严峻挑战。服务行政、法治化行政、参与式行政和整合行政将是我国行政文化现代重构的价值选择，从而更好推动我国社会经济的发展。     

万亩果园湿地一期示范区升级工程景观特点与主要 施工技术

介绍万亩果园湿地一期示范区升级工程湿地景观的特点及其施工创新技术。该工程因地制宜，从实际出发，制定切实可行的施工方案。重点介绍改善水质方面采用的3个先进的施工技术——引进新型的材料、合理选用水生植物、调控生态系统，使水体长期保持洁净，终年不需要换水，达到预期的效果。     

The installation of underground pipelines: effects on soil properties

Since the 1970s a network of underground pipes, up to 1200 mm diameter, has been installed in the UK to transmit crude oil to refineries and gas from onshore terminals for distribution. Chosen routes are subject to significant constraints. Current techniques for pipe installation involve topsoil removal and storage. Trench depth is set to allow a cover of 1200 mm overburden after pipes have been installed. The heavy machinery involved results in severe compaction of exposed subsoil. Subsoil is loosened comprehensively and topsoil replaced. Existing field drains are reconnected, and, if necessary, new drains with gravel backfill installed. Pipe installation usually takes place between April and October. Preventative measures to limit compaction during installation are not a practical option. If subsequent arable crops or grass are poorer or drainage more defective than before disturbance, the loss is assessed and compensation paid. To determine the cause of the loss >60, investigations have been made throughout the UK. Soil physical properties were assessed in an open trench using visual and tactile methods. Consistently, severe compaction in the subsoil was identified as the cause of poor crop growth or drainage; it was not observed in the topsoil. Specific recommendations for remedial action were made based on location, depth and severity of the compaction. These included the installation of additional land drains, increasing the amount of gravel above the drains, or further subsoil loosening orientated to cross gravel backfill. After appropriate remedial action, net compensation for crop losses was frequently small or negligible.     

北京小西山山前洪积扇不同土地利用方式下的土壤微形态特征

通过对北京小西山山前代表性洪积扇的观察研究,探索不同土地利用方式对土壤微形态特征的影响。通过对土壤薄片的观察,分析土壤微形态特征;用ENVI及MATLAB软件处理图片,并对孔隙度进行定量分析。结果表明:1)林地(WL1)剖面表层土壤微结构为海绵状结构,而园地(WL2)和菜地(WL3)的表层土壤多呈整块状结构或孔道结构;2)各采样点土壤矿物成分相近,但骨骼颗粒形态特征有较大差异。3)WL1剖面土壤孔隙度较高,以面状孔隙为主,WL2和WL3剖面土壤孔隙度过低,以中小孔隙居多。研究认为:1)林地的土壤微结构较园地和菜地的好,由于人类的不合理利用和管理,园地和菜地使土壤微结构变差,土壤孔隙度下降。2)各采样点土壤成土母质相似,土壤骨骼颗粒形态差异受到不同土地利用方式下人类干扰程度差异的影响。