近江牡蛎和长牡蛎的配子兼容性及合子育性

为了评估长牡蛎(GG)和近江牡蛎(AA)的配子兼容性和合子育性，本实验探究了盐度(16、20、24、28和32)、温度(18、21、24、27和30 ℃)和精子浓度(10⁰、10¹、10²、10³和10⁴个/μL)对受精率、胚胎畸形率和孵化率的影响。结果显示，随盐度的增加，GG组的受精率和孵化率逐渐上升，而AA组和AG组的受精率和孵化率先上升后下降；GA组和AG组分别在盐度28和24时具有较优的配子兼容性和合子育性，受精率、畸形率、孵化率分别为7.45%±5.05%、2.00%±0.90%、63.60%±9.88%和14.26%±9.26%、1.74%±0.93%、66.16%±9.43%。随温度上升，AA、GA和GG组的受精率和孵化率先升高后下降，而畸形率先下降后上升；GA组和AG组均在27 ℃时表现出较优的配子兼容性和合子育性，此时GA组和AG组的受精率、畸形率、孵化率分别为7.95%±4.04%、1.79%±1.04%、57.11%±9.95%和14.70%±7.27%、1.66%±0.85%、67.25%±15.19%。随精子浓度的增加，GG组的受精率逐渐上升，孵化率逐渐下降，GA组和AG组的受精率逐渐上升；GA组和AG组均在10⁴个/μL时表现出较优的配子兼容性和合子育性，此时二者的受精率、畸形率、孵化率分别为9.09%±7.53%、1.59%±0.48%、67.97%±19.96%和14.30%±6.04%、1.06%±0.68%、67.33%±12.65%。研究表明，温度、盐度和精子浓度对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎种间配子兼容性影响较小，但对合子育性影响较大。     

Attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of Chondria crassicaulis Harvey (Ceramiales,Rhodophyta) under various culture conditions

The red alga Chondria crassicaulis has a wide‐ranging bioactive chemical composition and is used as a local foodstuff, representing a potentially new cultivar in Korea. The cultivation techniques were developed by examining the monthly changes in frond weight in a field population of C. crassicaulis from November 2016 to October 2017. For seedling production, temperature and irradiance effects on the attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were evaluated. In addition, effects of day length and salinity on the propagule growth were examined. C. crassicaulis is a year‐round species with a maximum frond wet weight of 817 mg observed in July 2017, as seawater temperature increases to 20°C. The attachment of vegetative propagules was significantly affected by temperature and irradiance, with maximal values detected at 20–25°C and 60 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1. The relative growth rates of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were the highest at 20–25°C, 60 µmol photons m^?2 s^?1, and a salinity of 25 psu. In conclusion, due to its tremendous tolerance under variable environmental conditions, the vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis can be used as seedlings for mass cultivation.     

有机肥、碱性物质对龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗营养生长影响

以玄武岩发育而成酸性粘土、龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗为试材,以施用充足化肥为对照,施用有机肥、碱性物质(碳酸钙、白云石粉)作为其他处理,测量各处理对龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗株高、叶宽、叶片数影响,为龙舌兰麻H.11648合理施用有机肥和碱性物质提供依据。结果如下： 1、用碱性物质碳酸钙或白云石粉调节的土壤pH值6.0、6.5处理的龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗株高、叶宽、叶片数增长率与对照(pH5.5)没有显著差异,龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗在玄武岩发育土壤上生长酸害阈值为pH值5.5；2、有机肥处理对龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗株高、叶片数增长率没有显著影响,但4%、8%有机肥显著增加了叶宽(增长率分别比对照提高62.7%、76.7%),有机肥显著促进了龙舌兰麻H.11648幼苗生长。     

利用广亲和基因S5-n的功能标记鉴定特殊配组类型杂交种纯度研究

“粳不育系/广亲和恢复系”配组方式在浙江省得到了越来越多的应用。广亲和基因S5-n的功能标记可快速检测种子纯度。为验证水稻广亲和基因S5-n功能标记鉴定粳不育系/广亲和恢复系配组方式杂种一代的效果,我们分别将长粳1A和6个恢复系获得的F₁代进行大田统计和分子标记鉴定,结果显示,由于广亲和基因S5-n分子标记不能特异性检测出串粉形成的异形株,导致其鉴定结果较大田统计鉴定结果高1.0~2.0百分点。未来还需要进一步优化广亲和基因分子标记技术的特异性,进而提高分子检测的准确性,这将有助于杂交稻的安全生产。     

白三叶与不同禾草混播群落17年稳定性经较研究

在适度放牧条件下开展了白三叶与多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾和无芒雀麦的两两豆禾混播群落的种间相容性、群落生产力和稳定性的研究。17年的研究结果表明,白三叶 紫羊茅组合的年均干物质产量502g/m2,显著高于其他组合(P<0.05),但前期以白三叶 多年生黑麦草最高(P<0.05)。在时间序列混播比例的变化上,白三叶逐渐增加,然后维持在一定的范围;多年生黑麦草第1年最高,后逐渐下降;紫羊茅和草地早熟禾变化不大,而无芒雀麦减少最快,并最终消失;白三叶 紫羊茅组合的比例动态变化最小,组分稳定,而且群落抵抗力最强,年均杂草侵入量仅为2.4 g/m2,极显著地低于其他处理(P<0.01)。参试禾本科牧草与白三叶的种间相容性为紫羊茅>多年生黑麦草≥草地早熟禾>无芒雀麦。种间相容性是混播群落长期稳定性的重要决定因素。时间梯度上的群落生产力变化趋势,白三叶 紫羊茅和白三叶 草地早熟禾呈平稳略升,而白三叶 多年生黑麦草和白三叶 无芒雀麦呈前高后低模式。对混播群落稳定性的判断存在时间尺度和空间尺度。     

矮凤梨短营养生长期突变材料‘14-1’的性状鉴定

菠萝栽培种(Ananas comosus var. comosus)的营养生长期较长,制约了其新品种选育效率。收集和筛选营养生长期较短的种质,可为短营养生长期菠萝新品种的选育创制中间材料。从境外收集了23份易成花的野生种质材料,自2008年起进行栽培、繁殖和性状鉴定。通过对营养生长期的比较和观察,从矮凤梨(A. comosus var. nanus)的体胚苗中发现了1份营养生长期显著缩短的突变材料‘14-1’,其营养生长期约6个月(原品种约12个月),1年开花2次,具有极易成花等特点。‘14-1’无性繁殖后代遗传性状稳定,可作为短营养生长期菠萝育种的亲本资源。     

中药抑制番茄晚疫病原菌的配伍筛选及抑菌效果初步研究

为得到对番茄晚疫病原菌有更好抑制作用的生物药剂,对15种中药进行筛选,并进行配伍抑菌研究,得出最佳三配伍抑菌组合为青蒿∶五味子∶乌梅=1∶4∶1,抑菌圈直径达到了56 mm,最佳配伍液的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为7.82 mg/mL,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为31.25 mg/mL,对生长曲线的抑制作用明显。将该中药配伍液稀释500～1 000倍时,其抑菌率明显高于典型化学抑菌剂。     

High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real-time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV-1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype-I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV-1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV-1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.