氯化钠对饲喂棉饼诱发山羊泌尿系结石的预防试验

16只3~5月龄阉割波尔公山羊随机分为4组,即对照Ⅰ组(n=3)、对照Ⅱ组(限水对照组n=3)、试验Ⅰ组(n=5)、试验Ⅱ组(限水试验组,n=5)。对照组饲喂羊精料和花生秧,试验组饲喂棉饼和稻草,同时在试验组棉饼中加入4%棉饼量的氯化钠,对照Ⅰ组和试验Ⅰ组在试验期间不限制饮水,而对照Ⅱ组和试验Ⅱ组每天限制饮水,经预试期后试验期为4个月。结果表明:(1)添加氯化钠各试验组均未发现临床型尿石症,未添加氯化钠对照Ⅰ组有1头发病,未添加氯化钠限水对照Ⅱ组有3头发病。(2)添加氯化钠不限制水组,山羊的饮水量、排尿量较未添加氯化钠组(对照组)明显增加,尿液pH值明显降低,且差异显著;而添加氯化钠限水组,山羊的排尿量、尿液pH值与限水对照组差异不显著。(3)两个试验组血清醛固酮含量较对照组明显降低,并且尿沉渣生成量明显减少。由此推测氯化钠预防棉饼诱发山羊泌尿系结石的机理是通过降低血清中的醛固酮含量,减轻醛固酮对肾脏的损害,减少了结石核心的形成和尿液中盐类结晶沉着点,在非限饮水的情况下羊还可通过增加饮水量和排尿量,使沉渣生成量减少,从而有效地防止尿石症的发生。     

Impact of two types of complete pelleted,wild ungulate feeds and two pelleted feed to hay ratios on the development of urolithogenic compounds in meat goats as a model for giraffes

Urolith formation has been documented in giraffes and goats. As research in giraffes poses logistical challenges, 16 buck goats were used as a model. The impact of two commercially available, pelleted feeds used for giraffes, ADF‐16 and Wild Herbivore (WH), as well as the impact of alfalfa hay and pellet proportions (20% hay:80% pellets, 80P or 80% hay:20% pellet, 20P) on the formation of urolithogenic precursors in goat urine was accomplished in a 2 × 2 factorial balance study. Complete diets contained 0.60, 0.32, 0.35 and 0.26% phosphorus (P) with calcium:P ratios of 1.60, 4.16, 3.06 and 5.23, for 80P‐ADF‐16, 20P‐ADF‐16, 80P‐WH and 20P‐WH respectively. Total faeces and urine were collected over two 5‐day periods to assess N and mineral balance. Fresh urine samples were collected and evaluated microscopically for urolithic crystal content. Urinary nitrogen (N) was lower and N retention was higher in goats fed 80P diets (p < 0.05). Intake of P was greatest for goats fed 80P‐ADF‐16; however, urinary P excretion and P retention were not affected by treatment. Crystal scores were higher in animals receiving 80P diets (p = 0.08), with crystals being composed predominantly of calcium phosphate. Urine pH was alkaline (>8) for all treatments. Urinary P concentration, a risk factor for urolithiasis, was highest (p ≤ 0.06) in the 80P‐ADF‐16 treatment (0.38 vs. 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/dl for 20P‐ADF‐16, 80P‐WH and 20P‐WH respectively), reflecting its highest dietary P level. Further investigation is recommended to determine the long‐term effects of these diets on urolithogenic compound formation.     

3例犬尿结石化学成分分析

用化学分析法和X射线衍射仪分析收集的3份犬尿结石样品成分。结果表明样品1膀胱和尿道结石成分为一水草酸钙;样品2尿道结石和样品3膀胱结石成分均为六水磷酸铵镁。     

波尔山羊尿结石的显微结构和化学组成分析

应用化学定性分析、X-射线能谱分析、X-射线物相分析、红外光谱分析和扫描电镜观察等方法,对来自江苏、河南等地波尔山羊种公羊的10个自然和7个饲喂棉饼人工诱发尿结石病例结石样品的显微结构和成分进行了分析。结果表明,10个自然病例中颗粒样和粉砂样尿结石的主要成分均为磷酸铵镁(鸟粪石);7个饲喂棉饼的人工诱发病例中有3个病例尿结石的主要成分为磷酸铵镁,2个病例尿结石的主要成分是一种富含钾的磷酸铵镁同形异构体——磷酸钾镁,另外2个病例尿结石的主要成分是上述两种成分的混合体。     

Analysis of 4495 canine and feline uroliths in the Benelux. A retrospective study: 1994-2004

From 1994 to 2004, Hill's Pet Nutrition received 4495 canine (65%) and feline (35%) uroliths from Benelux veterinary practitioners. They were sent to the Minnesota Urolith Center, USA for analysis. In 1994, 110 uroliths were analysed - 85% from dogs - and in 2003, 1067 uroliths were analysed - 59% from dogs. During this period, substantial changes were observed in composition. In 1994, 77% of the cats had uroliths composed of struvite, and 12% had uroliths composed of calcium oxalate. In 2003, feline uroliths were composed of 32% struvite, and 61% calcium oxalate. The same evolution was observed in the dogs. In 1994, 51% of canine uroliths were composed of struvite, and 33% of calcium oxalate. In 2003, 40% had struvite uroliths, and 46% had calcium oxalate uroliths. A significant effect of the size, the breed, and the gender were noticed in the dogs. The mean age of uroliths appearance was 7.3 years in the dogs and 7.2 years in the cats. The findings are similar to those previously published in the USA.     

Prevalence and chemical composition of uroliths in fattening pigs in Belgium

The present study investigated the prevalence of uroliths in fattening pigs and assessed the composition of these urinary tract concrements. In total, 2,432 urinary bladders were sampled in the slaughterhouse and checked for abnormal content. Urinary samples were analysed microscopically, and samples of the urinary bladder wall were tested for histological signs of inflammation. The composition of the concrements was examined by infrared spectrophotometry. Macroscopic and microscopic abnormalities were detected in 8.4% and 52.8% of the samples respectively. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD), calcium carbonate (calcite), calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and amorphous crystals were detected. Analysis of stones showed COD in all samples in different proportions. The calcium content of examined stones was always considerable (up to 34%), in contrast to the magnesium content which represented max 1.9%. Struvite was found in one third of the samples, but was never part of stones and grit. COD crystals were the second most common microscopic crystal. These COD crystals and some COD stones had a rectangular shape, and therefore, they can be harmful to the bladder mucosa. In conclusion, uroliths are present in a large proportion of male fattening pigs, and consequently, urinary concrements pose a life‐threatening risk for urethra obstruction in male pigs. Further research is warranted to identify potential risk factors for urolithiasis and microscopic crystals.     

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM CONCENTRATION AND DEPTH EFFECTS ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF SPECIFIC CANINE UROLITH MINERAL TYPES

Nine pure mineral types of canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) identified in a chronologic sample from the Minnesota Urolith Center were compared to sequential dilutions of iodinated radiographic contrast medium in vitro. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. The radiopacity of the uroliths was classified as radiolucent, isopaque, or radiopaque, as compared to the radiopacity of the contrast medium solutions in which they were placed, using 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm depths in petri dishes radiographed using a table-top technique. A statistically significant relationship was found between the effective atomic number of the uroliths and the effective atomic number of the contrast medium solutions to which they were compared for the endpoints of isopacity, first luceney (in increasing iodine concentration sequence), and optimal visualization of internal architecture. In general, uroliths isopaque or radiolucent in contrast medium solutions weaker than 23.5 mgI₂/ml are most likely ammonium acid urate or sodium acid urate. Uroliths isopaque or radiolucent in contrast medium solutions between 23.5 mgI₂/ml and 44.4 mgI₂/ml are probably magnesium ammonium phosphate, cystine, or silica. Uroliths that remained radiopaque in solutions stronger than 44.4 mgI₂/ml, and particularly those radiopaque in contrast medium solutions stronger than 80 mgI₂/ml, almost always contained calcium. This relative opacity assessment is proposed for use in double contrast cystography as an aid in differentiating urolith mineral types clinically to facilitate appropriate use of medical protocols to dissolve uroliths or to prevent their growth or recurrence.