Sodium bicarbonate protects uranium-induced acute nephrotoxicity through uranium-decorporation by urinary alkalinization in rats

To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (SB) in removing uranium and protecting animals from uranium toxicity, we intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate to 8-wk-old male SD rats, and 20 min after administration of uranyl nitrate, the animals were given a single oral administration of SB at 0.1, 0.3 or 1 g/kg. The SB treatment at a dose of 0.3 g/kg or more raised the pH of the rats’ urine until 4 h after treatment, and it significantly reduced the uranium amounts in the kidneys at 1 day after treatment. In another experiment, rats were intramuscularly administered 1 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate, and 20 min later, the animals were treated with sodium bicarbonate (0.1 or 1 g/kg). The rats were autopsied at 1, 3 and 7 days after uranium treatment. High-dose SB resulted in a significant increase in urinary uranium excretion in the first 24 h and a reduction of uranium deposition in the kidneys and femurs, and it also significantly suppressed uranium-induced renal toxicity, as shown by both histopathology and clinical chemistry at 3 days after uranium treatment. Low-dose SB did not show such marked effects. Our findings demonstrated that the uranium decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate was observed at the dosage showing urine alkalinization in rats and that decorporation effect of sodium bicarbonate might be beneficial if it is administered immediately after incorporation of soluble uranium.     

Uranium recovery from leach solution in in situ leaching of uranium with ion exchange absorption

The absorption of uranium by ion exchange resin is studied based on the characters of pregnant solution for a new uranium in situ leaching mine. The resin types, the absorption parameters and the eluting parameters are chosen in the experiments. The results showd that the 201×7 strong alkaline anion exchange resin and TSF 2 anion exchange resin had good absorption and eluting effects. The fixed bed anion exchange absorption is a suitable technology and NH4NO3＋HNO3 mixed solution is an appropriate eluting reagent for this technology.     

腐殖酸-高岭石胶体对铀(VI)在饱和多孔介质中迁移过程的影响

为探讨可溶性有机质存在条件下黏土矿物胶体对铀（VI）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,选取2种石英砂（细砂和粗砂）分别构建均质构型的石英砂柱,研究了饱和水流条件下腐殖酸存在时高岭石胶体对铀在2种不同粒径石英砂中迁移的影响。结果表明,示踪溶质在2种均质石英砂柱中的穿透曲线相似且分布对称。当在石英砂柱中只通入铀（VI）溶液时,铀（VI）在2种粒径石英砂柱中的穿透量均较小（<25%）,此时大量的铀（VI）通过络合作用吸附在石英砂表面上。当通入溶液中存在腐殖酸和高岭石胶体时,铀（VI）在2种石英砂柱中的穿透量增加,且在600~850 μm石英砂中（58.36%）比250~425 μm石英砂中（42.68%）穿透量更多。这充分表明腐殖酸—高岭石胶体和石英砂粒径是影响铀（VI）在地下环境中迁移的重要因素。     

U、Cd单一及复合污染对水芹生长和生理特性影响

通过土壤盆栽试验研究不同浓度的U、Cd单一及其复合污染对水芹的生长、叶绿素含量、根系活力、细胞膜透性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,随U、Cd单一及其复合污染处理浓度的增加,水芹的生长受到显著抑制(P0.05);水芹叶绿素含量逐渐减少,其中以Cd元素对水芹叶绿素b胁迫作用最显著;水芹根系活力在低浓度(15 mg·kg~(-1))时受到促进,而在高浓度(150mg·kg~(-1))时受到抑制;叶片相对电导率处理组数据均显著高于对照组,U胁迫作用强于Cd;叶片丙二醛含量与对照相比随处理浓度的增加呈上升趋势。比较U、Cd单一及其复合处理对水芹的胁迫效应表明,高U高Cd(U150 mg·kg~(-1)+Cd150 mg·kg~(-1))对水芹生长和生理影响最显著,水芹在低浓度U、Cd胁迫下具有较好的抗逆性,因此,其在低浓度U、Cd单一及其复合污染的土壤修复方面具有潜在应用价值。     

Cell-Associated Adsorption of Thorium or Uranium from Aqueous System Using Various Microorganisms

The cell-associated adsorption of thorium or uranium from the solution containing each metal only at pH 3.50 using various microorganisms was examined. Among the species tested, high thorium adsorption abilities were exhibited by strains of the gram-positive bacteria Arthrobacter nicotianae IAM12342, Bacillus megaterium IAM1166, B. Subtilis IAM1026, Micrococcus luteus IAM1056, Rhodococcus erythropolis IAM1399, and Streptomyces levoris HUT6156. And high uranium adsorption abilities were found in some gram-positive bacterial strains S. albus HUT6047, S. levoris HUT6156, and A. nicotianae IAM12342. Among these highly efficient thorium and uranium adsorbing microorganisms, S. levoris, which could adsorb the largest amount of uranium from the aqueous solution at pH 3.50, could adsorb about 383 mol thorium and 390 mol uranium per gram dry weight of microbial cells from the solution containing thorium or uranium at pH 3.50. The amount and time course of thorium adsorbed were almost unaffected by co-existing uranium; however, the adsorption of thorium was faster when carried out after the adsorption of uranium. Thorium adsorption also became faster when uranium was added after thorium adsorption. The effect of pH on thorium adsorption was also discussed.     

古菌群落视角评估某退役铀尾矿库的治理效果

为了尝试从微生态－古菌群落视角,评估中国西北某铀尾矿库退役治理效果,本研究在前期尾矿库表层覆土0~5 cm和5~15 cm两个垂向剖面放射性核素、重金属/类金属分布特征研究的基础上,通过16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术对土壤古菌群落进行测序分析,采用生物信息学方法研究铀尾矿库及毗邻区域土壤古菌群落特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明：在尾矿库与毗邻区域,尽管土壤中4个优势菌门和3个优势属呈现不均匀分布,但尾矿库内外土壤古菌优势群落结构基本已无显著差异;土壤古菌群落的α多样性（Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数）和β多样性（PCoA）分析显示群落间已不存在差异,群落组成已具有相似性;冗余分析结果表明,土壤pH、TN（总氮）、TOC（总有机碳）、²³²Th、EC（电导率）是影响优势菌群的主要环境因子,但并未造成库区内外土壤菌群结构的显著改变。尾矿库与毗邻区域的土壤古菌群落已无明显差异,说明尾矿库内外土壤古菌群落并未受到放射性核素、重金属/类金属的显著影响,反映出尾矿库退役治理效果良好。     

铁屑修复地浸采铀地下水中硝酸盐污染的研究

以废铁屑为原料,对地浸采铀地下水中的硝酸盐氮污染进行修复实验,研究了溶液pH、地下水中主要共存离子以及不同柱填料对NO-3-N去除率的影响,同时结合粉煤灰预处理技术,对实验条件下铁屑去除硝酸盐的污染进行了探讨。结果表明:铁屑可有效去除地下水中的NO-3-N,其去除率随pH的降低而逐渐升高;溶液中共存的Ca2 、Mg2 对NO-3-N的去除影响不大,而SO42-、HCO-3的存在可明显降低NO-3-N去除效果;实验室条件下,单独采用铁屑去除地浸采铀地下水中的NO-3-N,反应5h去除率为93%,经粉煤灰预处理后,反应4h,NO3--N去除率可达到98.6%。     

乙酸铀对超富集植物藜萌发代谢生物学的影响

为筛选放射性核素超富集植物及研究其种植方法,探索生物修复必要的栽培技术措施缩短修复周期,快速、有效地清除放射性污染,以超富集植物藜(Chenopodium album Linn.)为材料,研究藜萌发特性及幼苗生长对不同浓度乙酸铀(C4H6O6U)处理的效应。结果表明:乙酸铀处理浓度对藜发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数影响的差异不显著,藜种子在萌发期间对乙酸铀具有很强的耐受力。但对藜幼苗根、芽生长具有低促高抑的双重作用,乙酸铀浓度为25~50mg/L时,与CK比较,芽长增加7.79%~10.21%,根长增加9.79%~16.06%,活力指数增加8.51%~12.48%;乙酸铀浓度为100~400mg/L时,与CK比较,对芽长的抑制率分别为1.44%~45.55%,对根长的抑制率为3.55%~49.60%,对活力指数的抑制率为6.42%~50.29%。随着乙酸铀处理浓度逐渐增加,脱氢酶(DH)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则明显下降,藜幼苗脯氨酸和蛋白质含量提高,C4H6O6U处理与脱氢酶活性和过氧化物酶活性的递降呈显著负相关,均显著降低藜幼苗的脱氢酶活性,表明其体内氧化还原活性减弱,C4H6O6U对藜幼苗的正常代谢已产生严重胁迫。     

铀胁迫对大豆幼苗细胞DNA损伤的彗星试验研究

通过室内培养方法,用八氧化三铀配制浓度为100、200、400、600、800、1000μmol·L^-1的6种铀溶液和对照组培养大豆幼苗,采用彗星试验研究了铀胁迫对大豆幼苗细胞DNA的损伤情况。结果表明,铀溶液能对大豆幼苗细胞DNA造成损伤;配制的6种浓度的铀溶液均对大豆幼苗根部细胞DNA造成损伤,其中浓度为800和600μmol·L^-1的铀溶液对大豆幼苗根部细胞DNA的损伤最严重;铀浓度为1000μmol·L^-1的铀溶液对大豆幼苗茎部细胞DNA的损伤最严重;配制的6种浓度的铀溶液对大豆幼苗叶部细胞DNA的损伤不明显。     

A gamma‐ray spectrometry approach to field separation of illuviation‐type WRB reference soil groups in northern Thailand

According to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2006), the differentiation of Acrisols and Alisols is based on the cation‐exchange capacity of clay, which cannot be directly determined in the field, but needs expensive and time‐consuming soil‐chemical analyses. This is an unsatisfactory situation for pedologists, who urgently require a rapid field method to distinguish illuviation‐type reference soil groups (Alisols, Acrisols, Luvisols, Lixisols). In this study, we tested the ability of gamma‐ray spectrometry to separate major WRB reference soil groups in the field. The underlying hypothesis is that Alisols and Acrisols are distinguished by their clay mineral composition, which should be reflected by geochemistry and consequently gamma‐ray radiation (i.e., K‐containing illite vs. K‐free kaolinite). Highly significant differences in their gamma‐ray spectrum for K, Th, and U were found for limestone and its soils. Especially the K and Th signatures allowed a clear separation of Acrisols and Alisols. In general, the surface radiation was sufficient to separate these soils. Best results were revealed considering parent rock and the whole soil profile. This means by using a portable radiometer and a pH meter, all illuviation‐type reference soil groups could be distinguished in this case. If applicable at other sites, this approach could enormously reduce expenditures for soil‐chemical analysis needed to assist soil classification.