江西省数字农业发展现状、问题与建议

数字农业的发展对于农业现代化转型升级具有重要意义。根据江西省县域数字农业相关数据和文献资料,分析江西省数字农业发展现状,指出目前江西省数字农业发展存在数据服务配套不完善、小农户应用困难以及法律法规政策建设相对落后等问题,提出应加强数字农业信息服务支持力度、培育新型农业经营主体,以及强化政策顶层设计等建议。     

病原微生物荚膜多糖的生物学功能

荚膜多糖（capsular polysaccharide，CPS）是一种广泛存在于细菌、支原体、部分真菌等菌体表面的碳水化合物。同时，荚膜多糖有助于菌体抵抗干燥和低温等不利环境，并通过在菌体表面形成物理屏障阻碍宿主补体的杀伤与吞噬作用。在长期多种应激-压力环境下，病原菌已进化出多种免疫逃避机制并促进宿主感染；在非病原微生物中，荚膜多糖可正向调节宿主免疫作用，并拮抗机体免疫因子，保护宿主免受病原菌引起的炎症性疾病。本文将结合本团队的相关研究工作，对荚膜多糖的结构、合成调控机制、生物学功能、免疫逃避机制和致病机制，特别是荚膜多糖正向调节宿主免疫系统及其应用潜力等方面作一综述，为病原菌致病机制的研究和疫病的有效防控提供参考依据。     

财税激励政策助推食用菌企业转型升级

针对食用菌产业中出现的菌种选取不精,产量过剩,加工发展缓慢和环境污染以及技术创新力度不足等问题,政府相关部门应出台一系列的财税激励政策,重点推进食用菌产业全面的转型升级,切实提高食用菌产业的经济效益。通过分析食用菌产业发展的市场状况,总结食用菌产业转型升级的限制因素,为加快企业转型升级提出相应的财税激励政策建议,以推动食用菌产业的创新发展。     

甘肃省中东部农户地膜应用及回收现状

为了解甘肃省中东部地区农户地膜应用、回收状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年3月26日—4月1日采用手机问卷方式,在甘肃中东部开展了地膜应用及回收情况调查。结果显示:调查区域主要种植有玉米、小麦、蔬菜和马铃薯等作物覆膜面积占种植面积的73.2%;种植不同作物的调查农户中,99.3%玉米种植户采用覆膜技术,28.5%、77.1%、57.9%和52.1%种植户分别对小麦、蔬菜、马铃薯和其他作物采用覆膜技术;甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收方式主要为人工捡拾,占调查对象的89.3%;回收残膜的农户中47.7%的农户将残膜交给回收网点,28.3%在地头焚烧,13.8%将其堆放田间,7.9%进行填埋处理,还有2.2%采取其他方式处理;调查作物的地膜回收作业率均在80.0%以上,其中蔬菜高达99.3%;按照人工回收作业的地膜离田率为80%和90%分别估算,2018年甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收率达74.2%和83.5%,其中蔬菜上地膜回收情况最好,分别为79.4%和89.4%。目前甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收工作仍存在回收难度大、回收机械化强度不够、回收地膜处置不当,政府支持力度不够等问题。政府和相关部门应加大地膜新国家标准宣传及执行力度,制定相关扶持和奖励机制,提高地膜回收的机械化程度,快速推动农膜回收及资源化利用工作,为合理应用地膜及农膜污染防控提供数据支撑。此外,手机调查地膜应用及回收系统的启用,能快速有效地获得一手数据,为未来全面快速获取中国地膜应用回收的基础数据提供借鉴。     

森林生态资产资本化运营研究综述与展望

森林生态资产资本化运营是利用市场手段保护森林资源、改善生态环境，直接或间接创造收益的经济运作过程，对于实现森林可持续经营具有重要意义。文中在界定森林生态资产资本化运营概念的基础上，从运营要素、生态补偿机制与政策工具3个视角梳理了森林生态资产资本化运营的相关文献，并对现存的问题和未来发展方向进行探讨；最后提出相关建议:重视森林生态资本由谁来运营以及运营环境和目标等方面的要素作用，调动社会资本并实施与全民参与激励相容的市场化补偿机制，实行分类补偿并探索小尺度的森林生态补偿标准与评估方法，提高政府监督管理力度并合理利用金融政策工具。     

基于环境税的两部门政策与农业面源污染规制

在面源污染经济规制方面,现有文献对于环境税、财政补贴、环保罚款等政策的研究取得了丰富的理论成果,但对于多种经济规制工具的结合研究,特别是对基于环境税的两部门规制政策(two-part instruments)的研究仍有较大的空间.两部门规制政策既具备最优庇古税(first-best Pigouvian tax)的特征,同时对于监管和执行的信息需求可以实现最小化.该文在一个局部均衡框架下,比较研究了5种不同情境下,基于环境税的两部门政策对农业面源污染的规制效应.结果表明:基于环境税的两部门规制政策会诱导道德风险,因为面源污染不仅与污染性要素投入本身有关,而且与要素投入的使用方式关联.实现社会最优面源污染排放的政策组合至少有2种:①对污染性要素投入征税,对耕地的使用进行补贴的政策组合;②对农业产出和高污染、低成本的粪肥使用行为征税,而对非污染性要素投入和低污染、高成本的粪肥使用行为进行补贴的政策组合.     

Regional inequality: An analysis under the core–peripheral model

Desmet, Gumpert, and Ort?n have analyzed regional development using the Ricardian model or the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem. However, aspects such as consideration of combined wages, substitution elasticities, marginal costs, fixed costs, and number of companies were completely ignored. This study investigates the underdevelopment of regions in light of Krugman`s core–peripheral model. The extension of the model is intended to analyze the aspects that have so far been ignored and their influence on the benefits of the two regions. The following aspects characterize the model. Two regions with two sectors are considered for the model. The regions are characterized by different technological equipment. The first region is industrial. The second region has an agricultural character. When a new technology is available, both regions can benefit under certain conditions. The financial transfers lead to a convergence of wages.     

信息化引领现代农业园区发展现状与对策研究

现代农业园区是推动我国农业现代化发展的重要抓手。以物联网、大数据、移动互联为代表的信息技术在农业园区中广泛应用,已成为引领农业转型和高质量发展的重要力量。梳理了信息技术和产品在现代农业园区中设施农业、大田生产、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、农产品质量安全追溯和现代农业管理服务等领域的应用现状,指出园区信息化发展存在区域发展不均衡、关键技术研发不成熟、技术标准体系不完善和产品推广难度大等问题,提出了未来的发展方向以及加快技术研发创新、加强标准体系建设、加大资金投入、发挥政府引导作用和培育专业人才队伍等政策建议,以期为提升现代农业园区的数字化、自动化、智能化水平提供参考。     

Overview on current criteria for heavy metals and its hint for the revision of soil environmental quality standards in China

Following rapid social and economic development over the past several decades, soil pollution by heavy metals (HMs) has been both serious and widespread in China. The Soil Environmental Quality Standards (SEQSs) in China (GB 15618-1995) have been introduced to encourage and enforce sustainable soil HM management. However, in recent years, HM contents in soils have frequently been found to exceed their associated standard values, while the crops growing on them might still meet regulatory standards, and vice versa. There is thus growing awareness that GB 15618-1995 does not effectively regulate current soil HM pollution, as it has encountered bottlenecks, and disappointing outcomes caused by poor execution along with deficiencies and gaps in the policies. However, due to the deficiency of scientific research about relationships between soil HM concentrations and their ecological or human health effects, the development of SEQSs in China is still greatly restricted. This paper discusses international SEQSs of HMs as well their development in China over time, then examines current Chinese SEQSs to demonstrate their potential regulatory deficiencies by referring to international SEQSs. The corresponding legislative policies are described, and scientific information or responses are outlined for maintaining soil environmental quality. China's experience has shown that policy and science can be linked to work in tandem to better understand and manage soil quality issues.     

Effects of Estradiol and Testosterone on the Expression of Growth‐related Genes in Female and Male Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Nile tilapia exhibits strong sexual growth dimorphism. The potential role of sex steroid hormones in sexual growth dimorphism is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of estradiol (E₂) and testosterone (T) on growth rate, plasma sex hormones, and expression of growth hormone (GH)‐insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis genes and muscle regulatory factor (MRF) genes in female and male Nile tilapia. The results revealed that serum concentrations of E₂ and T were significantly higher after correlative injection (P < 0.05). Compared to male fish, female fish had lower growth rates. E₂ increased growth performance in females with no significant effects on males, whereas T significantly increased growth performance in males, with no significant effects on females. In females, E₂ significantly increased expression of ghr1, ghr2, igf1, and igf2, while T decreased igf2 and increased ghr1 and ghr2 expression. In males, T increased expression of igf1, igf2, ghr1, and ghr2, and E₂ decreased expression of igf1, ghr1, and ghr2. Additionally, E₂ and T enhanced the expression of MRF genes (myod1, myod2, myog, and myf5) in female and male fish, respectively. The results suggest that sex steroid hormones play a role in sexual growth dimorphism by regulating the expression of GH‐IGF axis and MRF genes.