5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

The yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys), a potential threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in West Africa

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Africa is rapidly expanding and becoming increasingly important. As its geographical production range broadens, so does its potential to host new pests and diseases. Following the discovery that potato can be affected by Scutellonema bradys, further studies were undertaken to assess its potential pathogenicity on potato under screenhouse and field conditions, and on marketed tubers. Potato plants inoculated with S. bradys produced tubers with substantial cracking and evident tuber rot, compared with tubers from uninoculated plants. Symptoms of nematode infection on tubers included a scaly appearance, surface cracking as well as deeper tissue cracks, distortions, and darkened surface patches. In most cases these patches were related to sub‐surface rot. Nematodes were recovered from the soil, roots and tubers of inoculated plants. Eight weeks after inoculation, the reproduction factor of the nematode was greatest (2·0) at the lowest inoculation rate assessed (1000 nematodes per 2·5‐L pot) and least (0·4) at the highest inoculation rate (5000 nematodes per pot). In the screenhouse, potato tuber weights were low and mostly unaffected by nematode inoculation rate, except at 5000 nematodes per pot. In the field, non‐inoculated plants yielded over nine times more tubers than plants inoculated with 2000 S. bradys. Low densities of S. bradys were also recovered from 10 of 15 (67%) samples collected from market stalls, indicating field infection. This study confirms that potato can host and be damaged by S. bradys, raising its prospect as a likely significant biotic constraint to the crop.     

水肥调控对滴灌马铃薯生长、品质及水肥利用的影响

研究生育期土壤水分下限调控和施肥对陕北榆林地区滴灌马铃薯生长、品质和水肥利用的影响,以期探寻马铃薯优质高产的水肥调控模式。以马铃薯紫花白为材料,分别在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期、成熟期设置3个土壤水分调控下限水平:W1(55%、60%、65%、55%、55%)、W2(65%、70%、75%、65%、65%)、W3(75%、80%、85%、75%、75%),4个施肥水平N-P_2O_5-K_2O (kg·hm~(-2))分别为F1(100-40-150 kg·hm~(-2))、F2(150-60-225 kg·hm~(-2))、F3(200-80-300 kg·hm~(-2))、F4(250-100-375 kg·hm~(-2)),共12个处理,在生育期内对马铃薯生长、产量及品质等指标进行观测,分析马铃薯各指标对水肥的响应机制。结果表明:(1)在同一施肥水平下,W2灌水处理的马铃薯生长、产量、品质、水肥利用效率(WUE)均显著高于W1和W3处理。W2处理的平均产量为43 187.15 kg·hm~(-2),比W1和W3分别增加了24.59%和5.26%,淀粉和维生素C含量分别增加了15.32%和6.37%,8.04%和4.66%,WUE分别增加了15.53%和7.54%,肥料偏生产力(PFP)分别增加了21.65%和4.41%。(2)在同一灌水水平下,F3施肥处理的马铃薯生长、产量、WUE均显著高于F1、F2和F4处理,淀粉含量和维生素C含量在F2处理最高。F3处理的平均产量为44 691.32 kg·hm~(-2),比F1、F2和F4处理分别增加了41.79%、10.98%和6.34%。WUE随施肥量的增加均呈抛物线变化趋势,PFP随施肥量增加呈减小趋势,F1处理的PFP平均为108.69 kg·kg~(-1),比F2、F3和F4处理分别显著增加了17.41%、41.06%和87.50%。(3)运用主成分分析法评价马铃薯品质表明,F3W2处理排名第一,是榆林地区马铃薯优质高产的最优水肥组合。     

不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA提取效果比较研究

为筛选菊芋块茎DNA提取的适宜生育时期,以“青芋1号”菊芋品种为试材,用改良CTAB法对不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA进行提取,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳及全波长分光光度计检测总DNA的纯度、浓度及质量,选用4条ISSR引物进行PCR验证.结果表明:不同发育时期提取菊芋块茎DNA效果较好,DNA浓度呈现单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在第9周,与琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测呈现的亮度结果一致,PCR验证结果显示,提取的DNA能够满足后续相关分子生物学的要求.     

不同产量潜力甘薯光合产物的生产、运转与块根产量的关系

选取中国主栽的食用型甘薯品种龙薯9号、红香蕉、泰中6号、苏薯8号、遗字138和北京553进行大田试验,研究不同产量潜力甘薯品种光合产物的生产、运转及其与块根产量的关系。结果表明,高产品种整个生育期干物质积累快,光合产物向块根输送多,同化物在块根中的分配率较高,而且高产品种的标记叶合成的光合产物能够较多地运出。因此,叶片光合作用形成的光合产物能够及时地往外运输,是高产甘薯品种高产的重要保证。高产品种具有较高的经济系数。     

沼液处理对陇薯5号光合参数及产量与贮藏性能的影响

文章随机区组试验结果表明,陇薯5号生育期喷施3次沼液在淀粉积累期具有最大的光合速率12.49μmol C02·m-2S-1,气孔导度0.275 mmol H20·m-2S-1,胞间CO2浓度264.6μmol·moL-1和蒸腾速率2.967 mmolH20·m -2S-1,浸种+生育期喷施2次和3次的处理叶片叶绿索含量较高.各处理间大中薯率、产量均无显著差异.相比对照而言,处理3和4有利于陇薯5号大中薯率的提高,处理2,3,5,8这4个的产量相对较高,增产1.92%～7.06%.贮藏6个月后,不论是浸种、喷施还是浸种+喷施,均不会显著改善陇薯5号的贮藏性能.     

Differentiation of the high molecular weight glutenin subunit D t x 2.1 of Aegilops tauschii indicated by partial sequences of its encoding gene and SSR markers

The devastating late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans infects foliage as well as tubers of potato. To date, resistance breeding has often focused on foliage blight resistance, but tuber blight resistance is becoming more and more important in cultivated potatoes. In this study, a reliable tuber assay for resistance assessment was developed and foliage and tuber blight resistance (R) was compared in four mapping populations. In the RH4X-103 population, tuber blight resistance inherited independently from foliage blight resistance. Three specific R genes against P. infestans were segregating. The Rpi-abpt and R3a genes function as foliage-specific R genes, whereas the R1 gene acts on both foliage and tuber. In the segregating populations SHRH and RH94-076, tuber and foliage blight resistance correlated significantly, which suggests that resistance in foliage and tuber is conferred by the same gene (could be R3b) and quantitative trait loci (QTL), respectively. In the CE population neither tuber nor foliage resistance was observed.     

温度湿度及种球茎大小对花魔芋有性繁殖的影响

有性繁殖是促进魔芋种植业发展和品种改良的有效途径，引起了极大的兴趣。本文研究117个花魔芋（Amorphophallus konjac K. Coch)单株花粉成熟后连续5d的温度、湿度以及花芽种球茎对其有性繁殖的影响，结果表明：授粉期间的温度和湿度对其自花授粉结实影响大，结实株花粉成熟后连续5d的平均温度和湿度分别为24℃和64%，均显著高于不实株，高温高湿有利于散粉和花粉的萌发从而完成受精；花芽种球茎大小对有性繁殖也有影响，结实株平均种球茎重显著高于不实株，且与单株结实浆果数呈极显著的正相关（r=0.6096, N=29），因此，宜选用花芽球茎大的用于魔芋有性繁殖。     

Optimising potato breeding. II. A model for optimising single-stage and single-trait selection

Summary A model for optimising single-stage and single-trait selection is presented. The model is based on the expected selection response model, extended with parameters describing the nature of the environment and with variables allowing a manipulation of selection schemes. As an example, the model is used to optimize tuber yield selection in potato breeding.Estimated parameter values have an uncertainty, which may bias the model outcome. Sensitivity analysis shows that the sensitivity to unrealistic parameter values for optimal allocation is less than the sensitivity for the selection response.     

Mapping polygenes for tuber resistance to late blight in a diploid Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum hybrid population

Potato tuber blight is a disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Due to the significant economic impact of this disease, introgression of durable resistance into the cultivated potato is one of the top priorities of breeding programmes worldwide. Though numerous resistance loci against this devastating disease have already been mapped, most of the detected loci are contributing towards foliar resistance while specific information on tuber resistance is limited. To identify the genetic components of tuber resistance and its relationship to foliar resistance and plant maturity we have investigated the host‐pathogen interaction in a segregating diploid hybrid Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum family. Mature tubers from this mapping family were inoculated with a sporangial suspension of P. infestans (US‐8 clonal lineage) and evaluated for lesion expansion. No significant correlation was detected between late blight resistance in foliage and tubers, and between plant maturity and tuber resistance. Four chromosomal regions were significantly associated with tuber resistance to the disease. The largest effect was detected near the marker locus PSC (LOD 10.7) located on chromosome 10. This locus explained about 63% of the total phenotypic variation of the trait. The other three resistance‐related loci were mapped on chromosomes 8 (GP1282, LOD 4.4), 6 (CP18, LOD 4.0) and 2 (CP157, LOD 3.8). None of the four tuber resistance loci coincides with the foliage resistance loci detected in this same family. Tuber blight resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 2, 8 and 10 are distinct from the maturity QTLs and have an additive effect on tuber resistance. These results indicate that different genes are involved in foliar and tuber resistance to P. infestans in the present family and that some of the resistance genes might be associated with late maturity.