芋疫病空间分布格局及其抽样技术研究

为了进一步提高对芋疫病预测预报,科学指导生产上的防治,应用最小二乘法、频次分布、聚集度指标、m^*-m回归分析和Taylor幂法则等对病株的空间分布型进行了分析。结果表明:当田间芋疫病病株率在0.427~0.513时,病株田间分布属聚集分布;当田间芋疫病病株率在0.720~0.820时,病株田间分布属均匀分布。此外其病株空间分布的基本成分是个体群,病株个体间相互吸引,病株在大田中存在明显的发病中心,且病株个体的空间格局随着病株密度的提高越趋均匀分。在此基础上,提出了Iwao最适理论抽样模型N=232.3783/m-87.9438,并建立序贯抽样模型T₀(N)=0.3689N±1.7177$\sqrt{N}$,即:调查株数N时,若累计病株率超过上界可定为防治对象田,若累计病株率未达到下界时,可定为不防治田,若累计病株率在上下界之间,则应继续调查,直到最大样本数m₀=0.3689时,也即病株率15%,所需抽样数542株止。     

动物杂种优势利用及其预测方法

杂种优势因具有提高两个不同亲本的遗传组成杂交所产后代的生产性能、生活力和抗逆性等特点,被广泛地运用在动植物杂交育种中。杂种优势利用率越高,种畜产生的价值越高,其后代产生的额外利润就越大。因此,杂种优势的利用率是广大育种工作者所关注的一项重要内容。杂种优势利用率的评估则依赖于对种畜杂种优势大小的预测。本文主要从杂种优势利用和杂种优势预测方法2个方面对已有的研究进行综述,并探讨有关杂种优势预测准确度提高的方法,以期对相关的研究提供一定的参考和帮助。     

农田环境中农药残留比例型荧光传感系统研究

为监测农业环境中有机磷农药的残留，从种养源头管控农产品安全，基于锆离子和1,2,4,5-四（4-羧苯基）苯（H-4-TCPB）合成了蓝色荧光金属-有机框架材料（MOFs）Zr-TCPB，并与红色荧光量子点QDs组装成双荧光QDs@MOFs复合物，基于Zr-TCPB对有机磷农药特异性荧光淬灭效应，构建比例型荧光化学传感器系统，实现了有机磷农药的快速、灵敏、可视化检测。甲基对硫磷与对硫磷的检测限（LOD）分别为1.9μg/L和4.9μg/L，线性检测范围为0.005~2mg/L。研究表明，该荧光分析法能有效用于农业环境水样中甲基对硫磷及对硫磷的现场快速测定，甲基对硫磷回收率为93.23%~116.46%，平均相对标准偏差（RSD）为5.29%，对硫磷回收率为92.52%~107.83%，平均RSD为5.74%。该方法在环境样品农药残留快速监测方面具有巨大的应用价值。     

Assessing the sublethal impacts of anthropogenic stressors on fish: An energy‐budget approach

Fish are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic stressors from human developments and activities such as agriculture, urbanization, pollution and fishing. Lethal impacts of these stressors have been studied but the potential sublethal impacts, such as behavioural changes or reduced growth and reproduction, have often been overlooked. Unlike mortality, sublethal impacts are broad and difficult to quantify experimentally. As a result, sublethal impacts are often ignored in regulatory frameworks and management decisions. Building on established fish bioenergetic models, we present a general method for using the population consequences of disturbance framework to investigate how stressors influence ecologically relevant life processes of fish. We partition impact into the initial energetic cost of attempts to escape from the stressor, followed by the energetic impacts of any injury or behavioural change, and their consequent effects on life processes. As a case study, we assess the sublethal effects of catch and release angling for the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax, Moronidae), a popular target species for recreational fishers. The energy budget model described is not intended to replace existing experimental approaches but does provide a simple way to account for sublethal impacts in assessment of the impact of recreational fisheries and aid development of robust management approaches. There is potential to apply our energy budget approach to investigate a broad range of stressors and cumulative impacts for many fish species while also using individual‐based models to estimate population‐level impacts.     

温室茄子氮、磷、钾素最大利润施用量研究

为了研究温室茄子氮、磷、钾素最大利润施用量,为茄子合理施肥和安全生产提供参考,在甘肃省张掖市甘州区党寨镇温室内,采用田间小区试验方法,进行了温室茄子氮、磷、钾素最大利润施用量研究。结果表明:随着氮、磷、钾素施用量梯度的增大,茄子产量逐渐增加,边际产量、边际产值和边际利润均呈递减趋势,其中边际利润最终出现负值。根据最大利润施用量计算公式求得茄子氮、磷、钾素最大利润施用量分别为0.62、0.41、0.29 t/hm~2,进而得出最大利润施用量的理论产量分别为95.58、96.04、95.35 t/hm~2。     

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil quality

Biodegradable plastic films are desirable alternatives to traditional black polyethylene plastic for use as mulches in agroecosystems. Efforts are ongoing to engineer biodegradable plastic mulches that could be incorporated into the soil at the end of the crop season, and decomposed by microorganisms, ultimately to CO₂, H₂O, and biomass. Whether changes in soil quality occur during or following biodegradation is unknown. An 18-month study evaluated the effects on soil quality following burial of four potentially biodegradable mulches and a no mulch control in high tunnel and open field tomato production systems across three geographically distinct locations (Knoxville, TN; Lubbock, TX; Mount Vernon, WA). The mulch treatments included: two starch-based mulches (BioAgri^® Ag-Film and BioTelo Agri); one experimental 100% polylactic acid mulch (Spunbond-PLA-10); one cellulose-based mulch (WeedGuardPlus; positive control); and a negative control (no mulch). The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) was used to calculate a soil quality index (SQI) according to five dynamic soil properties: microbial biomass carbon, β-glucosidase, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), and pH. Within the 18-month evaluation period, the effects of the biodegradable mulches on the SQI were minor, and dependent upon production system and time of incubation at all locations. In general, the SQI was higher in the high tunnel systems for some of the mulch treatments at Knoxville and Lubbock but the opposite was true at Mount Vernon. By the final sampling at 18 months, the SQI was lowest for WeedGuardPlus at Lubbock and Mount Vernon but at Knoxville, the WeedGuardPlus SQI was not significantly different from the no mulch control. Of the five SMAF indicators evaluated, soil microbial biomass and β-glucosidase activity were the most responsive to mulch and production systems, supporting the use of these variables as soil quality indicators for short-term changes due to this agricultural management practice.     

农业社会化服务体系框架构建与机制研究

农业社会化服务体系是一个多层次、全方位的复杂系统。基于对相关文献的梳理和对我国服务体系发展状况的研究,构建了新时期下农业社会化服务体系运行框架,并对其运行机制进行了分析,提出了新时期下农业社会化服务体系的基本运行机制主要包括监督机制、竞争机制、激励机制、创新机制和利益分配机制。这对我国农业社会化服务体系的完善和顺利发展具有重要的理论意义。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

上海水务标准体系框架解析

为解决行业标准分散和不成体系等问题,提高行业标准化管理水平,通过对现有水务及相关行业技术标准体系的调研分析,结合上海水务专业特色,编制了《上海市水务标准体系表》.本文详述了该体系框架的编制原则、特色、组成单元、框架结构等,并详细说明了该体系表的专业门类和功能序列.