二倍体西瓜及其同源四倍体叶片sRNA表达谱分析

植物多倍化后的基因表达平衡重建受到sRNA调节,miRNA是植物多倍化中基因表达进行反式调控的主要小分子成员。本研究利用新一代高通量测序对西瓜二倍体(2n)及其同源四倍体(4n)叶片的sRNA进行表达谱测序分析。结果表明:(1)2n中sRNA以21 nt为主,4n中则以24 nt为主。(2)在2n和4n鉴定出已知miRNA分别为110个和172个,新miRNA分别为246和829个,其中差异表达的已知miRNA 205个,新miRNA 815个。(3)GO功能显著性富集分析表明差异表达的miRNA在细胞组成、代谢过程及催化活性上显著富集。(4)KEGG代谢分析表明,差异表达的已知miRNA主要富集在初级代谢和次级代谢途径上,新miRNA则主要富集在植物激素信号转导途径、RNA转运途径和ABC转座子途径上。(5)差异表达的miRNA中与植物抗逆胁迫相关的已知miRNA 25个,新miRNA 62个,且80.46%抗逆miRNA在西瓜二倍体中上调表达,是四倍体中的4倍以上。根据miRNA的负向调控原理推测这些上调表达的miRNA在西瓜二倍体中可能会抑制部分抗逆基因的表达,影响二倍体的抗逆性。本研究在转录后调控调控水平上为西瓜多倍体较二倍体拥有更强抗逆性提供了理论依据,同时对西瓜多倍体及二倍体之间的基因表达谱分析做了补充。     

Genotyping,pedigree reconstruction and endocrinological characterization of Acipenser naccarii (Bonaparte, 1836) using microsatellite markers and plasma steroid levels

This study aimed to set up a method for the long‐term management of Adriatic sturgeon, through the analysis of sex steroids and the genetic profiling of individuals in order to maximize the already reduced genetic variability of this species. Ten A. naccarii adults (nine of captive origin, one captured in the Ticino river and then moved into captivity) and eight subadults located in a semi‐natural land‐locked pond in Abbiategrasso (Milan, Italy) were analysed. Plasma testosterone differed significantly in the eight analysed subadults allowing their differentiation into two groups: the first group with an average testosterone concentration of 5.42 ± 1.31 ng/ml (probably female) and the second group with an average of 423.14 ± 75.97 ng/ml (probably male), as subsequently confirmed by artificial stripping. The plasma testosterone level was also significantly different between adult males and females (371.37 ± 43.58 vs. 95.34 ± 51.10 ng/ml), while the E2 levels showed no significant differences. Animals were genotyped on the basis of 10 microsatellite loci and their parental relationships were defined: four adults, two females and two males, generated the eight subadults. On the basis of pedigree analyses and genetic distances, 15 unrelated couples were identified for the future breeding seasons. Finally, the adult female captured in the Ticino River showed an interesting genetic profile, widely different from all of the other 17 specimens analysed, and represents a valuable source of genetic diversity.     

饲料型四倍体刺槐嫩枝扦插试验初报

根据四倍体刺槐自根能力弱的特点,利用其嫩枝进行全光喷雾扦插繁殖。在同等试验条件下,与匈牙利刺槐进行对比,经多种激素处理,结果表明:1 a生苗的嫩枝较2 a生苗的嫩枝易生根,匈牙利刺槐较四倍体刺槐易生根;用甘霖1号速蘸发根剂处理的效果最好,生根率可达60%~88%。     

扦插时间对四倍体刺槐嫩枝插穗内源激素和氧化酶的影响

为了解四倍体刺槐嫩枝扦插生根机制和选择适宜的扦插时间,2010年在西北农林科技大学林学院教学实验苗圃,研究了不同扦插时间对嫩枝插穗生根过程中内源激素含量和氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：8月和7月扦插的插穗IAA含量明显高于5月和6月,较高含量的IAA是抑制生根的主要因子;ABA含量在生根过程中没有明显的抑制作用,而是起协...     

桑树二倍体及人工诱导的同源四倍体遗传差异的SRAP分析

利用SRAP分子标记技术,对8份桑树二倍体品种和经秋水仙碱化学诱变得到的同源四倍体进行DNA遗传差异研究和聚类分析。结果表明:桑树不同材料二倍体及其同源四倍体间的SRAP多态性有明显差异。农桑8号、璜桑37号、湖桑197号、湖桑199号和国桑20号的二倍体及其同源四倍体间的扩增条带完全一致,无差异,而育71-1二倍体及其同源四倍体的SRAP多态性最高,达到1.41%,所有的二倍体及其同源四倍体材料均聚在一起,不同材料间亲缘关系近的聚为一大类。说明不同桑树材料经秋水仙素诱变后产生的遗传差异较大,桑树二倍体及其同源四倍体产生变异的原因可能是染色体上的等位基因积加效应造成DNA分子遗传结构的改变。     

四倍体酸枣组培苗移栽研究

以四倍体酸枣生根组培苗为试材，研究炼苗天数、基质种类、空气相对湿度、组培苗高度、根条数及移栽时间对组培苗移栽成活率和生长的影响。结果表明：移栽应在4月底至6月进行，在此时期选择高度大于5 cm，根7条以上的组培苗，经炼苗3天，移栽至纯蛭石或珍珠岩与土（1:1）或蛭石与土（1:1）中，移栽前期保持空气相对湿度在90%以上，移栽成活率可达70%以上。     

青檀多倍体诱导试验初报

为获得具有优良性状的青檀四倍体植株,以青檀幼苗为试验材料,通过秋水仙素浸泡生长点的方法,研究了不同秋水仙素浓度和处理时间对青檀染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明:以0.4%~0.8%秋水仙素处理72 h诱导效果最佳,变异率最高达34.2%。经流式细胞仪和茎尖染色体鉴定,初次镜检青檀四倍体植株染色体数目为2n=4x=36,成功获得了青檀四倍体植株。     

Genetic Variability of Rubisco in Tetraploid Wheats (Triticum turgidum)

Nineteen tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum), differing in their agronomical behaviour and geographic origins were grown in two experiments and analysed for the following physiological traits: soluble leaf protein content, rubisco content, initial and potential carboxylase activities of this enzyme as well as its relative content in percentage of protein, the specific activity of the enzyme and its activation state. The results show a high genetic variability for all studied traits and more particularly for the initial carboxylase activity. High phenotypic correlation was observed between the rubisco content and its potential activities, in the first experiment. Correlation between souble leaf protein and rubisco content was significant in 9 genotypes of the second experiment.     

Breaking the crossability barriers between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid S. tuberosum

Summary A combination of compatible second pollinations and embryo rescue was applied for systematic production of true tetraploid hybrids from crosses between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid potato, S. tuberosum. Several genotypes of tetraploid potatoes were pollinated with S. acaule, and the compatible second pollinations were made on the following day, with a genotype of S. phureja, IvP 35 to promote fruit development. Embryo rescue was carried out in 21 families, 14 to 27 days after the first pollination. A total of eight plants were obtained from the embryo rescue and their chromosome numbers were counted in the root tips. Three of the eight plants were identified as tetraploid, and five others as diploid. Morphology, isozyme banding patterns, and pollen stainability, as well as potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) resistance, indicated the hybrid nature of the three plants. This is the first report of successful tetraploid hybrid production between disomic tetraploid S. acaule (4x) and tetrasomic tetraploid potatoes. Seed set from the crosses between one of hybrids and diploid potatoes indicated workable levels of both male and female fertility for introgression of valuable genes from S. acaule into the cultivated potato gene pool. The methodology used may be applied to other disomic tetraploid tuber-bearing Solanum species and with some modifications also to distantly related solanaceous species and genera.     

Interspecific hybridization between Coffea arabica L. and tetraploid C. canephora P. Ex Fr. II. Meiosis in F1 hybrids and back crosses to C. Arabica

Summary Melosis was studied in Coffea arabica, in induced tetraploid C. canephora, in their F₁ hybrid (arabusta hybrid) and in backcross generations of the hybrid with C. arabica as recurrent parent. Irregularities were observed, consisting of univalents (especially in the arabusta hybrid), multivalents (especially in tetraploid C. canephora) and uneven distribution of chromosomes at first anaphase. Chromosome distribution was improved by backcrossing. Meiotic irregularities wer negatively correlated with pollen fertility.