Effectiveness of new agri-environment schemes in providing foraging resources for bumblebees in intensively farmed landscapes

Intensive farming has contributed to the serious declines in abundance and geographic range suffered by several bumblebee species in Europe and North America. Recent UK agri-environmental policy aims to conserve and restore bumblebee populations by providing foraging habitats on arable field margins. We examined the effectiveness of strategies to achieve this, including sowing seed mixtures of (1) tussocky grass species, (2) wildflowers and (3) pollen- and nectar-rich plants. These were compared to conventionally managed cereal crops. Sampling was undertaken in 32 10 × 10 km squares throughout England, each containing a sample of the different field margin types. Bumblebee abundance in July and August was significantly higher on pollen and nectar margins (86 ± 14 bees per 100 m) compared with wildflower margins (43 ± 14), mature grass margins (6 ± 14) and recently sown grass margins (8 ± 4). Bees were virtually absent from the cereal crop (0.2 ± 0.1). Bumblebee species richness was significantly higher on margins sown with either wildflowers or the pollen and nectar mix. There was evidence that richness of the bumblebee assemblage at the 10 × 10 km square scale was positively correlated with land use heterogeneity, the proportion of grassland, and the abundance and richness of dicotyledon flowers. The abundance of long-tongued bees per margin was explained by the number of pollen and nectar agreements per 10 × 10 km square, together with flower abundance. Future research is required to determine the quantity and location of foraging habitat required to sustain bumblebee populations at the landscape scale.     

Managing field margins for biodiversity and carbon sequestration: a Great Britain case study

Abstract. Field margins are a valuable resource in the farmed landscape, providing numerous environmental benefits. We present a preliminary analysis of the carbon mitigation potential of different field margin management options for Great Britain, calculated using data from long-term experiments and literature estimates. The carbon sequestration potential of the individual options investigated here varies from 0.1 to 2.4% of 1990 UK CO₂-C emissions, or 0.7–20% of the Quantified Emission Limitation Reduction Commitment (QELRC). The scenarios investigated covered three possible margin widths and options for the management of margins at each width (viz. grass strips, hedgerows and tree strips). Scenarios involving margin widths of 2, 6 or 20 m would require approximately 2.3, 6.7 or 21.3% of the total arable area of Great Britain, respectively. Scenarios including tree strips offered the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, since large amounts would be accumulated in above-ground biomass in addition to that in soil. We also accounted for the possible impacts of changed land management on trace gas fluxes, which indicated that any scenario involving a change from arable to grass strip, hedgerow or tree strip would significantly reduce N₂O emissions, and thus further increase carbon mitigation potential. There would also be considerable potential for including the scenarios investigated here with other strategies for the alternative management of UK arable land to identify optimal combinations. We assumed that it would take 50–100 years for soil carbon to reach a new equilibrium following a land use change. More detailed analyses need to be conducted to include environmental benefits, socioeconomic factors and the full system carbon balance.     

邻菲口罗啉化学修饰碳糊电极三元络合物体系测定痕量钴

制备了邻菲口罗啉化学修饰碳糊电极，在含噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ体系中，Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）离子经化学富集在电极表面上形成三元络合物．采用２．５次微分伏安法测定痕量Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）离子．Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）浓度在８．０×１０－９～７．０×１０－７ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１范围内与阳极溶出峰峰高成良好的线性关系，检出限达１．２×１０－９ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．电极用于水样中钴的测定，结果令人满意．     

固液反应球磨制备Al-Cu-Ni三元金属间化合物粉末

利用固液反应球磨技术制备了Al-Cu-Ni三元合金粉末.采用Ni球球磨wAl-33.2%wCu,wAl-54%wCu(Al2Cu)和wAl-70%wCu(AlCu)二元合金熔体,在893 K分别球磨wAl-33.2%wCu熔体12 h和24 h后均生成了Al7Cu4Ni粉末;在893 K球磨wAl-54%wCu12h后生成Al7Cu4Ni粉末,在993 K和1 123 K球磨wAl-54%wCu(Al2Cu)24 h后均生成Al0.28Cu0.69Ni0-粉末;在1 123 K球磨wAl-70%wCu(Al2Cu)24 h后生成Al0.28Cu0.69Ni0-粉末.同时,对Al-Cu-Ni三元合金相形成规律进行了研究,对固液反应球磨机理进行了探讨.     

固液反应球磨制备Al-Cu-Co三元金属间化合物

利用固液反应球磨技术制备了Al-Cu-Co三元合金．分别采用Co球球磨Al-33．2％Cu(此文中的百分比为质量分数)，Al-54％Cu(A12Cu)和Al-70％Cu(A1QJ)二元合金熔体，在923K和973K球磨Al-33．2％Cu熔体12h后生成Al65Co15Cu20粉末；在923K和1023K球磨24h后生成Al69Co25Cu6粉末，在893K和993K分别球磨Al-54％Cu(A12Cu)合金熔体12h和24h后均生成Al65Co15Cu2n粉末；在1123K球磨Al-70％Cu合金熔体24h后生成Al65Co15Cu20粉末．采用Al-Cu-Co固液反应球磨得到的金属间化合物粉末为纳米粒子．同时，对Al-Cu-Co三元合金相形成的规律进行了研究，对固液反应球磨机理进行了探讨．在固液反应球磨过程中，三元合金产物的元素摩尔比接近于二元母合金中的元素摩尔比；三元合金产物成分中固相第三组元的成分含量与二元母合金熔体成分有很大关系；提高反应球磨温度、延长球磨时间有利于三元合金产物的形成；延长球磨时间，形成的三元合金产物中磨球的成分增加；反应球磨温度超出二元母合金熔点越高，球磨反应越容易进行．     

用三维坐标评判农药混用对多种害虫的联合作用及综合毒力

在三维坐标内,用3种药剂对害虫的LC50值作理论等效面。3种农药混用后,对害虫LC50实测值的坐标点在等效面上为相加作用,在靠近坐标原点的凹面上为增效作用,在远离原点的凸面上为拮抗作用。在同一坐标内,用3种药剂对几种害虫的LC50值作多个等效面,并将3种农药混用后对几种害虫的LC50实测值标注在坐标内,可以清楚地反映混剂对不同兼治对象的毒力和互作效应。以此研究甲维盐+毒死蜱+吡蚜酮的三元混剂对水稻二化螟、褐飞虱和灰飞虱的兼治作用。结果表明:该混剂对二化螟有显著的增效作用并且毒力最高;对灰飞虱为相加作用,毒力次之;对褐飞虱为拮抗作用,毒力最差。说明该混剂的综合效应差,不适合同时兼治3种害虫。     

优质鸡多元杂交组合性能测试及筛选

选用选育的优质鸡S3、W、S09、F及B系组成二元杂交组合:W♂×S09♀、S3♂×S09♀、W♂×B♀,及3个三元杂交组合:B♂×(W♂×S09♀)♀、F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)♀、S09♂×(W♂×B♀)♀,分别于12周龄对各杂交组合鸡的外观、生长及肉用性能进行测试。结果表明,继二元杂交基础上进行的三元杂交组公母鸡综合性能得到显著改善。外貌及体型方面:体斜长、龙骨长及胸深均相应提高,变异系数则相对更小,整体更趋于细致紧凑、均匀齐整;生长及肉用性能方面:12周龄时3组三系杂交公鸡体重分别为1385.50 g、1507.36 g和1482.02 g,相比于二系提高了23.5%、17.7%和35.7%,母鸡体重分别为1112.68 g、1197.69 g和1120.36 g,提高了27.9%、25.4%和26.1%,屠宰率、半净膛率及腹脂率等指标也均有不同程度的提高;三元杂交组合F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)组的体型、生长、饲料转化及肉用性能等均优于B♂×(W♂×S09♀)♀和S09♂×(W♂×B♀)♀组,其中12周龄3组公母鸡平均体重依次为1352.53 g、1249.09 g和1301.19 g,3组腹脂率为0.94%、0.60%和0.78%,两项指标F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)组显著占优(P0.05);饲料报酬分别为3.08、3.05和3.13,F♂×(S3♂×S09♀)同样最高,但未达到显著差异(P0.05),各组成活率都达到90.6%以上的较好水平。本试验为黄羽优质鸡配套系的组建提供了参考依据,达到了研究的预期目标。