筇竹种子发芽条件及筇竹笋矿质元素分析

筇竹为珍稀笋材两用混生竹,具有较高的经济价值。本研究对筇竹种子进行不同温度和光照条件的萌发实验,并培育实生苗发笋后,利用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了3个不同出土高度(2 cm,5 cm,8 cm)的筇竹笋中8种矿质元素的含量。实验结果显示,最适宜筇竹种子萌发的条件是20℃,12 h光照/12 h黑暗,但25℃和暗处理更能促进胚根伸长。不同生长时期的筇竹笋钾含量丰富(6521.13~7405.24 mg·kg-1),其次是钠(625.56~814.83 mg·kg-1),铜含量最低(6.86~9.62 mg·kg-1)。筇竹笋的钾、钠含量随高度的增高逐渐下降,而钙、铁、铜、锰含量逐渐升高,锌含量变化呈中峰优势,镁含量基本保持不变。研究为筇竹种子萌发及笋品质提升提供了参考。     

碎甘薯秧离散元仿真参数测量与标定*

针对甘薯秧蔓机械化回收过程中离散元仿真研究缺乏准确参数值的问题,采用直接测量和虚拟标定相结合的方法对碎甘薯茎秆和叶片离散元仿真参数进行研究。采用物理试验法获得碎甘薯秧的本征参数、碰撞恢复系数等参数值及碎甘薯秧颗粒的静摩擦系数参数范围,并为离散元法仿真设计了不同的参数组合。通过堆积角优化仿真试验确定甘薯叶片本征参数及其他不易直接测量的离散元仿真参数。Plackett-Burman试验表明,甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—45钢的静摩擦系数、甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—甘薯叶的滚动摩擦系数均显著影响堆积角。运用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken优化试验标定了对碎甘薯秧堆积角有显著影响的参数值,以得到的参数进行颗粒堆积仿真试验,测得堆积角平均值为40.51°,与实测值相对误差为0.972%,说明物理试验加优化仿真试验来标定离散元参数是可行的,标定所得的参数可作为甘薯秧茎叶离散元仿真参数。     

基于有限元的汽车扭臂热锻工艺研究

文章以汽车扭杆力臂为研究对象,通过DEFORM-3D有限元分析对汽车扭杆力臂热锻工艺过程进行模拟试验,分析了成形过程中的上模载荷情况、应力应变场分布情况和温度场的变化规律。以提高产品质量和降低载荷为主要目的,给出合理的热加工参数,分析结果能为类似锻件的热模锻工艺和模具设计提供依据。     

不同填充颗粒半径水稻种子离散元模型参数标定

气固两相流耦合仿真被广泛运用在气力式排种器工作过程的研究中，因确定性颗粒轨道数值计算模型的需求，种子多采用颗粒聚合的方法建模，该方法采用的填充球颗粒半径越小、数量越多就越能接近种子的真实形态，但会造成仿真计算资源过度消耗、仿真时间增长。为研究不同填充球半径的水稻种子模型对颗粒间的动力学响应特性的影响，寻找种子模型最佳的填充球颗粒数量，本文以水稻种子为研究对象，借助三维扫描与逆向拟合的方法获取种子外形轮廓，分别采用不同半径（0.30、0.21、0.18、0.16、0.15mm）的球颗粒对其进行填充，形成气固耦合的水稻颗粒粘结聚合模型。采用无底圆筒提升、滑落堆积的真实试验与仿真测定，采用曲面响应法，以休止角为指标，标定出不同填充球颗粒半径种子模型的种间静摩擦因数和动摩擦因数；通过圆筒提升和滑落堆积试验对参数进行验证，以仿真试验休止角的变异系数为指标，结果表明随着填充球半径的减小，仿真结果越接近真实值；通过水稻正压式排种器气固两相流耦合仿真进行验证，以充种率为指标，结果表明填充颗粒半径为0.21mm，仿真时长与仿真精度最优。     

微生物素在果蔬采后保鲜中的应用进展

微生物素在果蔬采后保鲜中有重要的应用价值,但目前实际应用在果蔬采后保鲜领域中的并不多。本文分析了目前已经应用到果蔬保鲜领域的微生物素种类,有乳酸链球菌肽、溶菌酶、木霉发酵液等,分析了其抑菌保鲜原理及研究现状;并结合微生物素的特点,提出了微生物素在未来果蔬采后保鲜中的发展趋势,即面对冷藏技术使用不完善的现象,可以开发利用更多的微生物素种类,如纳他霉素、红曲霉素、短梗霉多糖等,为今后果蔬采后保鲜领域的健康可持续发展提供参考。     

11个葡萄品种在乐山地区的花芽分化规律

研究了11个葡萄品种3年生树在四川乐山地区避雨栽培条件下的花芽分化表现。结果表明,结果母枝的花芽分化率,魏可、维多利亚、黑芭拉多、金手指、金优2号和巨玫瑰6个品种的都高于50%,较易形成花芽;户太8号、巨峰、夏黑的在43%~48%;美人指和红指较难形成花芽。结果母枝不同节位的花芽分化率,多数品种在第3节位≥50%;结果枝上花穗着生节位在第3.8~4.9节,其中双花率以巨玫瑰、巨峰和户太8号较高,分别为83.45%、73.61%和73.06%。以结果母枝的花芽分化率≥50%节位作为冬剪的最低节位,则金优2号、户太8号、巨玫瑰、金手指、维多利亚5个品种在第3~4节,黑芭拉多和巨峰2个品种在第2~3节,魏可在1~2节。夏黑表现花芽分化率较低,为43.33%,可能与夏黑不耐弱光有关,设施栽培时应加强透光性。     

有机态和无机态硼对柑橘枳橙砧木生长及生理的影响

以柑橘枳橙[Citrus siinensis(L.)Osb.×Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]砧木为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸对其生长及各种生理指标的影响。两种形态硼都能增加砧木幼苗各部位的干、鲜质量和株高;有机态山梨醇—硼对地下部生长的促进作用尤为明显。有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸更易于向叶片等地上部位转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理根和茎中的硼含量与无机态硼酸处理没有显著差异,但叶片中的硼含量与硼积累量均显著高于无机态硼酸处理,叶片占总硼含量的比例也显著高于无机态硼酸处理。有机态山梨醇—硼处理各部位钾、钙、镁元素含量高于对照,而无机态硼酸处理各部位元素含量则比有机态山梨醇—硼处理高。缺硼易导致叶片中糖类物质的积累,有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸能更有效地促进叶片中多糖物质的转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理可溶性糖含量比对照和无机态硼酸处理分别降低26.3%和11.8%,淀粉含量分别降低43.5%和26.1%。在提高枳橙砧木叶片抗逆能力方面,有机态山梨醇—硼效果优于无机态硼酸,两种硼类型处理叶片中脯氨酸和伤害率均显著低于对照,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸分别降低了20.6%和19.6%,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸处理伤害率降低了13.3%和16.5%,有机态山梨醇—硼处理叶片中丙二醛含量显著低于无机态硼酸处理19.4%。有机态硼对改善枳橙砧木根系的生长发育的作用效果优于无机态硼酸;能有效降低叶片中碳水化合物的含量,有利于光合作用产物顺利转移;而在减少叶片有害物质的积累、保护质膜方面,有机态与无机态硼有同样的效果。     

A Lymphoid Organ Specific Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor from Litopenaeus vannamei Exhibits Strong Antimicrobial Activities

Different shrimp species are known to possess apparent distinct resistance to different pathogens in aquaculture. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this finding still remains unknown. One kind of important antimicrobial peptides, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALF), exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Here, we reported a newly identified ALF from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and compared the immune function with its counterpart in the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The ALF, designated as LvALF8, was specifically expressed in the lymphoid organ of L. vannamei. The expression level of LvALF8 was apparently changed after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenges. The synthetic LBD peptide of LvALF8 (LvALF8-LBD) showed strong antibacterial activities against most tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. LvALF8-LBD could also inhibit the in vivo propagation of WSSV similar as FcALF8-LBD, the LBD of LvALF8 counterpart in F. chinensis. However, LvALF8-LBD and FcALF8-LBD exhibited apparently different antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus, the main pathogen causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of affected shrimp. A structural analysis showed that the positive net charge and amphipathicity characteristics of LvALF8-LBD peptide were speculated as two important components for its enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to those of FcALF8-LBD. These new findings may not only provide some evidence to explain the distinct disease resistance among different shrimp species, but also lay out new research ground for the testing and development of LBD-originated antimicrobial peptides to control of shrimp diseases.     

Hormonal changes play important roles in the key period of superior and inferior earshoot differentiation in maize

The upper earshoots with higher superiority usually have higher yield potential and higher efficiency. To determine the key period for the asynchronous differentiation of superior and inferior earshoots and how hormones are involved in this process, a two-year experiment was designed using two maize hybrids: Suyu 41 (S41, single-ear hybrid) and AN 101 (A101, double-ear hybrid). The results showed that the lag of lower earshoot differentiation was not only caused by the delay of the differentiation starting time but also related to extension of the duration in spikelet differentiation (stage II) and sexual organ formation stage (stage IV). From 12 days before silking (DBS), the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR)+zeatin (ZT), and gibberellic acid (GA₃) in both upper and lower earshoots of the two hybrids increased dramatically and then decreased quickly. ABA slightly increased in the two hybrids and then decreased slowly in S41, while it was maintained at a high level in A101. At 8 DBS, i.e., the transition period from floret differentiation to sexual organ formation stage, not only the growth of upper-to-lower earshoot difference (ULED), but also the values for ULED of IAA, ZR+ZT and GA₃ were all significantly higher in S41 than in A101. Furthermore, the upper-to-lower hormone ratios IAA_U//AA_L and (ZR+ZT)_U/(ZR+ZT)_L were also much higher in the single-ear hybrid than in the double-ear hybrid, while the GA_3U/GA_3L and ABA_U/ABA_L had no significant differences. In addition, the time course of ULED_hormone/ULED_{earshoot growth rate} also suggested that the hormones work in different ways in earshoot superiority/inferiority formation. The delayed differentiation of lower ear shoots was conclusively related to the later initiation of differentiation and the longer durations of specific differentiation stages. Compared with the regulating roles of IAA and ZR+ZT in the key period (8 DBS) of superiority/inferiority differentiation, GA₃ seems to be affected earlier, while ABA contributes little to this process.