施氮量对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光特性及干物质积累的影响

研究施氮量对柳枝稷叶绿素荧光特性及干物质积累的影响,对提高盐碱地柳枝稷光能利用效率及生物质产量具有重要意义。在宁夏银北地区采用大田试验,以Cave-in-Rock品种柳枝稷为供试材料,在无氮添加(0 kg·hm^-2,N₀)、施低氮(60 kg·hm^-2,N₆₀)、中氮(120 kg·hm^-2,N₁₂₀)和高氮(240 kg·hm^-2,N₂₄₀)共4个施肥水平下,比较了开花期和成熟期柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光参数和干物质积累动态变化,采用灰色关联度分析法对柳枝稷叶片叶绿素荧光参数与干物质积累量进行研究。结果表明:与N₀相比,在N₆₀、N₁₂₀和N₂₄₀处理下柳枝稷开花期和成熟期叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)和干物质积累量均显著性提高,在N₂₄₀处理下达到峰值,而热耗散量子比率(F_o/F_m)显著性降低。在柳枝稷开花期,随着施氮量的增加,柳枝稷叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)显现出先上升后逐渐下降的总趋势。在N₁₂₀处理下柳枝稷叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)最大,为3.13,较N₀处理显著提高了16.26%。柳枝稷干物质积累量随着生育时期的推进和施氮量的增加,均有不同程度的提高,其中在开花期至成熟期,干物质积累缓慢,在灌浆期达到最大,成熟后期略有降低。柳枝稷成熟期干物质积累量在N₂₄₀处理下最高,每穴干物质积累达378.13 g,较N₀、N₆₀和N₁₂₀处理显著提高了24.33%、20.09%和7.24%。灰色关联度分析结果表明,在本试验条件范围内,N₂₄₀处理下加权关联度与理想施肥水平的关联度最大,有利于促进PSⅡ的光化学活性,从而提高柳枝稷干物质积累量。     

不同施氮水平对柳枝稷光合特性及抗旱性的影响

为了探究宁夏银北盐碱地区柳枝稷高产优质高效栽培过程中最佳的施氮量及其对柳枝稷叶片光合特性及抗旱性的影响,本研究采用大田试验,以Cave-in-Rock品种柳枝稷为供试材料,设无氮添加(0 kg·hm-2,N0)、施低氮(60 kg·hm-2,N60)、中氮(120 kg·hm-2,N120)和高氮(240 kg·hm-2,N240)共4个施氮水平,分析比较了各生育时期内柳枝稷叶片光合特性、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时采用隶属函数法综合评价了盐碱地柳枝稷的抗旱性.结果表明,随着不同施氮水平的增加,柳枝稷各生育时期内叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)整体呈现先升后降的趋势,均在施中氮(N120)处理下达到峰值.与无氮添加(N0)处理相比,施低氮(N60)、中氮(N120)和高氮(N240)处理下柳枝稷叶片的SPAD值平均增加了4.73％、18.71％和8.86％,净光合速率(Pn)平均提高了5.55％、17.02％和12.41％,气孔导度(Gs)平均升高了7.87％、56.18％和39.33％,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)平均增加了7.86％、30.71％和13.81％.柳枝稷叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)在高氮(N240)处理下达到最大值,叶片水分利用效率(WUE)随着不同施氮水平的增加而逐渐下降.隶属函数分析结果表明,施中氮(N120)处理下柳枝稷各抗旱指标隶属函数值的均值最大.因此,本试验条件下有利于提高柳枝稷叶片光合能力和抗旱性的适宜施氮水平为120 kg·hm-2.     

牧草柳枝稷种子破休眠技术的研究

柳枝稷switchgrass (panicum virgatum)的种子属深度休眠。本文探索了后熟化(干藏),冷冻层化(湿润冷藏),磨擦,浸泡,以及植物生长调节剂GA和ABA对破除种子休眠的影响。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同柳枝稷品种生长特性比较

采用田间随机区组试验方法,分析4个品种(系)柳枝稷(Alamo、JAp-014、CHp-005和CAp-017)在黄河三角洲盐碱地1~3年生的株高、分蘖数、叶长、叶宽和产量等农艺性状,并用灰色关联度分析法评价了其适应性,以期筛选出适合该地区种植的柳枝稷品种。结果表明:4个品种(系)柳枝稷在连续3年生长过程中,株高、叶长、叶宽和产量差异显著,按Alamo、JAp-014、CHp-005和CAp-017顺序呈递减趋势,3年生Alamo最高分别达到211.80cm、54.90cm、1.57cm和7.20t/hm2;株高、叶长、叶宽与产量之间均有显著的相关性。不同品种间的分蘖数则因生长年限而异。4个品种(系)柳枝稷加权关联度和等权关联度均为AlamoJAp-014CHp-005CAp-017,表明Alamo适应性强,为供试品种(系)中最适宜在黄河三角洲盐碱地种植推广的品种。     

Yield-height correlation and QTL localization for plant height in two lowland switchgrass populations

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), as a model herbaceous crop species for bioenergy production, is targeted to improve biomass yield and feedstock quality. Plant height is a major component contributing to biomass yield. Accordingly, the objectives of this research were to analyze phenotypic variation for biomass and plant height and the association between them and to localize associated plant height QTLs. Two lowland switchgrass mapping populations, one selfed and another hybrid population established in the field at Perkins and Stillwater, Oklahoma, were deployed in the experiment for two years post establishment. Large genetic variation existed for plant biomass and height within the two populations. Plant height was positively correlated with biomass yield in the selfed population (r = 0.39, P<0.0001) and the hybrid population (r = 0.41, P<0.0001). In the selfed population, a joint analysis across all environments revealed 10 QTLs and separate analysis for each environment, collectively revealed 39 QTLs related to plant height. In the hybrid population, the joint analysis across overall environments revealed 35 QTLs and the separate analysis for each environment revealed 38 QTLs. The findings of this research contribute new information about the genetic control for plant height and will be useful for future plant breeding and genetic improvement programs in lowland switchgrass.     

Establishment of warm‐season grasses in summer and damage in winter under supplementary irrigation in a semi‐arid environment at high elevation in western United States of America

As with other areas of the world, herbage production of cool‐season grasses in irrigated semi‐arid areas of the western USA at high elevation declines during summer. The use of warm‐season grasses during this period could be a possible way to ameliorate this decline in herbage production. The ability of twenty‐one grass cultivars, representing seven warm‐season grass species, to establish in the summer of 2005, as measured by stand frequency and herbage production, the potential for damage in winter under irrigated conditions in 2005–2006 and the stand frequency in 2006 at two sites in semi‐arid environments of the western USA was compared with that of a cultivar of each of six cool‐season grass species. Some warm‐season grass species, including switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), showed potential for use in this environment, based on their similar herbage production in 2005 and similar values of stand frequency in 2005 and 2006 to that of cool‐season grasses. All the cultivars of the warm‐season grass species suffered greater winter damage than did the cultivars of the cool‐season species. The higher winter damage to the species of warm‐season grasses did not correspond with a lower stand frequency in the second year.     

Effects of Soil Characteristics on Spring-Harvested Switchgrass Biomass Composition

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a promising bioenergy crop for temperate regions. Overwintering has been used to improve biomass quality, resulting in a more efficient combustion, partially due to a reduction in minerals concentration. This study examines the effects of soil composition on overwintered switchgrass composition. Samples were collected in the spring from 58 environments in Southern Quebec to determine possible relationships between soil composition and biomass quality. Principal component analysis and stepwise regressions were used to identify relationships between soil and biomass compositions. Soil parameters monitored explained 74% of the variation in biomass silicon (Si) concentration, 45% of the variation in ash, and 32% of the variation in magnesium (Mg). Soil composition had limited effects on the concentration of other elements in switchgrass biomass. Switchgrass biomass quality is influenced by soil composition and appears well suited to biomass combustion when overwintered and harvested in the spring.     

氮肥对库布齐沙地柳枝稷目标产量的影响

柳枝稷是一种生物量高、防风固沙效果好,具有良好发展前景的草本能源植物。为了将暖季型的柳枝稷引种到库布齐沙地,以柳枝稷品种“BL-1”为试验材料,研究了库布齐沙地柳枝稷目标产量(生物量、粗蛋白产量、中性洗涤纤维产量、酸性洗涤纤维产量)对施用尿素和硫酸铵两种氮肥的响应。硫酸铵和尿素各设置4个施氮水平0、75、150和225 kg/hm2,每个处理设置3个重复,分别于苗期、分蘖期和拔节期施入各试验小区,施入量分别为施氮量的1/5、2/5和2/5。在柳枝稷的拔节期、孕穗期、初花期分别测定其株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上生物量。结果表明:硫酸铵和尿素的施用均可以显著提高柳枝稷的产量,施用硫酸铵后,柳枝稷的产量随着施氮量的增加而呈现逐渐增加的趋势;施用尿素后,柳枝稷的产量随着施氮量的增加出现先升高后降低的动态趋势,且产量最高点出现在施氮量为150 kg/hm2时。在施氮量为75和150 kg/hm2时硫酸铵和尿素两种肥料对柳枝稷的产量的增加程度差异不显著;在施氮量为225 kg/hm2时,硫酸铵对柳枝稷的产量提高程度显著高于尿素。柳枝稷个体大小与叶面积是影响柳枝稷产量的重要因素,氮肥的施用对于柳枝稷生长的促进作用在拔节期最明显;对于柳枝稷叶面积的促进作用在孕穗期最明显;对于柳枝稷增产的促进作用在初花期最明显。硫酸铵相较于尿素更有利于促进柳枝稷的增产。      

农杆菌介导的柳枝稷遗传转化体系的优化

【目的】为建立农杆菌介导的柳枝稷高效再生及遗传转化体系。【方法】试验以柳枝稷品种Alamo、Performer及Blackwell的成熟种子为外植体诱导愈伤组织。愈伤诱导6周后,借助解剖镜观察愈伤形态,去除愈伤组织外层含水量大、海绵状愈伤组织,挑选位于愈伤组织中心位置的核状、紧实型愈伤置于继代培养基培养。暗培养3周后,在解剖镜下挑选结构松脆、生长旺盛的愈伤组织按细胞系继代增殖培养。该类愈伤组织易于分化,属单子叶植物愈伤组织分类中的第Ⅱ型。经两次继代增殖培养后,可以获得足够的愈伤组织进行再生和遗传转化研究。为优化柳枝稷Ⅱ型愈伤组织的农杆菌侵染流程,试验比较了3种农杆菌侵染流程下的转基因效率。真空和干燥处理（VD）：将装有愈伤组织及菌液的50 mL离心管置于真空泵中抽真空10 min（压力-0.8MPa）,28℃, 80 r/min慢摇20 min后弃菌液,将愈伤组织堆放于3层滤纸上干燥处理2 h,随后将愈伤组织转入含有500 μL无菌水的2层滤纸上进行共培养;冷处理加真空和干燥处理（CVD）：侵染前将愈伤组织置于3%麦芽糖、300 μmol·L^-1谷氨酰胺（Gln）溶液中冰浴20 min,然后依VD流程侵染,共培养阶段用MP培养基代替无菌水;渗透冷处理加真空和干燥处理（PVD）：用6%的麦芽糖溶液替代CVD中3%麦芽糖溶液。通过比较Gus染色及PCR阳性率来评价三种方法的转化效率。【结果】愈伤挑选方法不仅从柳枝稷低地型品种中挑选得到再生率达95%以上的Ⅱ型愈伤细胞系,也首次获得高地型品种Blackwell的Ⅱ型愈伤组织,分化率达50%。不同转化方法评价过程中发现,低地型品种AlamoⅡ型愈伤组织采用CVD农杆菌侵染流程转化效率最高,达72%,显著高于侵染流程VD（53%）和PVD（44%）。应用CVD转化法,Performer转化率达96%;首次成功进行了高地型品种Blackwell的遗传转化,转化效率为5.6%。【结论】本研究建立了借助解剖镜挑选柳枝稷易于再生的Ⅱ型愈伤组织的方法,该方法适用于柳枝稷不同生态型品种;农杆菌转化过程中采用CVD侵染流程可显著提高转基因效率。本研究首次报道了柳枝稷Ⅱ型愈伤组织的挑选流程,建立了适合不同生态型柳枝稷的高效再生及遗传转化体系,首次获得高地型品种Blackwell的转基因植株,为柳枝稷遗传改良及其功能基因研究奠定基础。该方法也适用与其他难于再生的单子叶植物再生及遗传转化体系的建立。     

Growth and ion accumulation responses of four grass species to salinity

Ion inclusion or ion exclusion are the two main strategies developed by plants to tolerate saline environments. Shoot sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and calcium (Ca²⁺) in four perennial grass species (tall wheatgrass, Nuttall's alkaligrass, creeping foxtail, and switchgrass) treated with nutrient solution salinity levels ranging from 2 to 32 dS m^?1 were measured. As the nutrient solution salinity was increased from 2 to 10 dS m^?1, tall wheatgrass, creeping foxtail and Nuttall's alkali grass had increased shoot Na⁺ and decreased Ca²⁺ concentration while maintaining growth suggesting that these species tolerated these changes in shoot ion concentration. In contrast, switchgrass excluded Na⁺ from the shoot and maintained K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations but suffered dramatic shoot dry weight reduction. Thus, the Na⁺ exclusion mechanisms present in switchgrass were less efficient in maintaining growth under the 10 dS m^?1 nutrient solution treatment than the Na⁺ inclusion mechanisms used by the other three species.