云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.     

Landscape pattern changes over 25 years across a hotspot zone in southern Brazil

Forest fragmentation caused by human activities has many implications for natural landscapes, such as habitat reduction and the loss of biodiversity. This study investigated the temporal fragmentation process of forest remnants in a strongly agro-industrialised region in southern Brazil over 25 years. The studied watershed area hosts two important typologies of the Atlantic Forest biome as well as Quaternary remnants of the Brazilian Savanna biome, which are considered hotspots of biodiversity and reflect the intense process of forest fragmentation caused by Brazilian urban and agro-industrial development. Thus, studies encompassing multitemporal scales are paramount to understanding changes in forest patterns and are fundamental for trend predictions of landscape dynamics. To perform the calculation of the mean normalised difference vegetation index, Landsat satellite images from 1991 to 2016 were processed using SPRING® software. Subsequently, FRAGSTATS® software was used to calculate landscape metrics. A reduction in the number of forest fragments since 1991 was observed, with a maximum amount of 5 243 fragments in 1993 that declined to 4 015 fragments in 2016. Although the number of fragments in the watershed decreased, the mean area increased by 72.9% and the mean of the shape index increased from 1.3 in 1991 to 1.5 in 2016. In addition, there was a 64.7% increase in the edge density and a reduction of 35.6 m in the isolation between the nearest neighbours. The degree of isolation of the fragments underwent a process of expansion and reduction when compared to 1991, presenting results that support the hypothesis that the Atlantic Forest is in a process of stabilisation and forest restoration.     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

基于生态系统格局变化的东西部结合区生态服务价值评价——以珠江—西江经济带为例

[目的]以珠江—西江经济带为例,分析典型东西部结合区生态系统格局变化特征以及对其生态系统服务价值进行评价,为积极构建区域生态安全格局和开展生态补偿研究提供科学依据。[方法]基于珠江—西江经济带2000—2015年生态系统类型数据,采用生态系统类型年均变化率、生态系统类型转移矩阵研究其生态系统格局变化特点;参考生态系统服务价值估算方法,对研究区近15 a来的生态服务价值进行评价与分析。[结果]①2000—2015年珠江—西江经济带以森林和农田生态系统为主,生态系统空间分布格局较稳定,变化的部分主要体现在东部人工表面生态系统的扩张上。②近15 a间农田和草地生态系统面积下降最多,湿地下降较少,其余生态系统类型面积均有不同程度地增加。生态系统类型转换主要发生在森林、农田和人工表面生态系统三者之间。③2000—2015年珠江—西江经济带生态服务价值减少了14.55亿元,其中草地生态系统服务价值下降最多,森林生态系统服务价值增加最多。④珠江—西江经济带各县区生态服务价值空间分布格局稳定,但东部地区单位面积生态服务价值有持续下降的趋势。[结论] 2000—2015年珠江—西江经济带东部生态系统格局变化对其生态服务价值下降产生了较大影响。今后在生态建设方面需重点合理控制东部人工表面生态系统面积的扩张速度,预防其生态服务价值持续下降。     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

轻型木结构墙体稳态传热性能及其保温材料影响比较

轻型木结构墙体的热工性能对建筑节能至关重要,其稳态传热性能是节能效率评估指标之一。工程调研发现,轻型木结构墙体墙骨柱热传递过程易产生冷热桥,改善墙体保温构造并通过试验测试,对得到不同构造的墙体传热系数等指标进行分析研究,有利于设计人员优选墙体设计参数、研发墙体新型保温材料。试验采用标定热箱法与热流计法相结合的试验方法——控温箱-热流计法对改善保温措施的墙体进行试验,分析了12种墙体试件的热流密度、传热系数、热阻以及日传热量参数,并与理论计算结果进行比较验证,试验结果与理论计算结果吻合性较好。研究发现:气凝胶毡放置在墙骨柱位置能够有效降低平均传热系数3.8%~15.0%,随厚度增加可逐渐减弱或消除墙骨柱冷热桥效应;聚苯乙烯保温板可有效降低传热系数32.4%~35.1%,墙体蓄热能力较好;纳米纤维保温材料可有效降低传热系数5.9%~8.7%,提高墙体冷热面温差,平衡室内温度。选取的3种保温材料中,聚苯乙烯保温板相比气凝胶毡和纳米纤维保温材料,对墙体整体热工性能的提升更为显著。     

面向土地利用总体规划的建设用地空间管制潜在冲突检测

[目的]准确识别、检测建设用地空间管制分区与城市扩张之间的潜在冲突,以期为下一轮土地利用总体规划的实施与土地资源管理工作的开展提供理论参考与技术方法支撑。[方法]基于CA-Markov模型模拟预测了2020年江苏省常州市土地利用状况,在此基础上集成GIS空间分析技术,识别并检测了常州市2015—2020年建设用地空间管制分区与城市未来发展之间的潜在冲突区域。[结果](1)2020年常州市建设用地总量及新增量规模将分别达到规划目标的101.16%,159.97%,即会突破土地利用总体规划目标;禁止建设区内建设用地空间管制潜在冲突面积较少;(2)限制建设区内建设用地空间管制潜在冲突面积较大,约占新增建设用地面积的59.23%,其中约有59.15%的潜在冲突分布在武进区。[结论]在常州市下一轮土地利用总体规划编制与实施过程中,应重点强化对限制建设区内潜在冲突区域的管控。     

农牧交错带农牧系统氮素流动与环境效应——以山西省为例

【目的】探明山西省农牧交错带农牧生产系统的氮素流动特征及其环境效应,进一步为山西实施区域养分资源管理、加快农牧交错带产业结构调整提供科学依据。【方法】在整理统计资料、文献数据和实地调研的基础上,使用食物链养分流动模型(nutrient flows in food chains,environment and resources use,NUFER)和GIS,估算山西省农牧交错带(主要涉及大同、朔州、忻州、吕梁、临汾和太原等6个地市)42个县区农牧生产系统的氮素账户平衡、流动路径及损失途径。【结果】不同县区农田化学氮肥投入存在"两极分化"的现象,投入水平范围在6.7—253 kg·hm~(-2),极值间相差38倍;各县区农田氮素的投入结构也表现出较大差异,主要跟当地化学氮肥施用习惯及农业种植结构有很大的关系;单位农田面积农作物主产品的氮素携出量范围在19.11—96.75kg·hm~(-2),空间上整体呈现南北高、中部低的变化趋势;不同县区农田氮素盈余量在-16—202 kg·hm~(-2),氮素亏缺与盈余情况并存;区内畜牧生产系统中外源饲料氮素投入差异较大,朔州市的山阴县外源饲料氮素投入高达0.94×104 t,而忻州的五寨、临汾的隰县、大宁和蒲县,则可以通过作物生产系统来满足畜牧生产系统的饲料需求,也充分反映了各县区畜牧业养殖规模和农牧产业结构存在较大差异;区内单位面积农田动物主产品氮素携出量范围在1.51—27.50 kg·hm~(-2),极差25.99 kg·hm~(-2),说明各县区畜牧生产系统的生产力水平差异较大,单位农田面积动物主产品的氮素携出量13 kg·hm~(-2)的分布在区域北部朔州市的山阴、怀仁、大同等县区,表明这些县区畜牧生产系统中的氮素利用率较高;单位耕地面积畜禽粪尿氮素负荷较高(50 kg·hm~(-2))的县区主要分布在区域北部;农牧生产系统氮素损失的空间分布格局明显:一级区(200 kg·hm~(-2))分布在区域北部,二级区(120—200 kg·hm~(-2))分布在区域南部和北部,三级区(120 kg·hm~(-2))主要分布在区域中部,今后应重点关注区域北部农牧业生产过程中的氮素损失及环境问题。【结论】农业生产结构不合理、"农牧分离"是造成农牧生产系统氮素利用率低下的主要原因,今后农田养分资源综合管理要在空间上合理配置氮素资源,在养分投入上既要考虑化学氮肥和粪尿氮素的投入,还要兼顾来源于环境投入部分的氮素,更要注重和畜牧生产系统的耦合,以最小的环境代价生产更多的农牧产品。     

国家现代农业示范区建设水平分析及提升对策研究

建设国家现代农业示范区已经成为中国各地加快推进农业现代化的有效方式,深入探究国家现代农业示范区的建设水平现状及提升其建设水平策略具有重要的现实意义。基于农业部发布的《2016国家现代农业示范区建设水平监测评价报告》中281个示范区的统计数据,分析示范区的建设水平,探讨其存在的问题。结果表明,2010—2015年示范区建设水平稳步增长,年际增速4.9%;综合得分在75分以上的示范区所占比重从0.7%上升到28.5%。东部地区示范区建设水平最高,西部地区示范区发展水平落后,但各省份之间示范区建设水平差距逐渐缩小。25个试点示范区综合得分比全国示范区平均得分高4分;除东北地区外,东、中、西部地区排名前十的示范区都已经基本实现农业现代化。目前,示范区建设过程中还存在有一些问题,主要表现为保障国家粮食安全与增加种粮农民收入的矛盾依然存在、示范区发展不平衡现象较为显著、提高农业经营管理水平难以突破、高质量农产品有效供给不足等4个方面。因此,应通过提高农业综合生产能力,多渠道增加农民收入;促进示范区之间交流与合作,完善国家级示范区进出机制;健全经营与管理体系,配套"硬件"与"软件"设施;坚持市场导向,提高示范区农产品供给质量等对策提升示范区建设水平。