Phosphorus compounds and their solubility in swine manure compost

In the Japanese warm areas, as a result of intensive and repeated potato cropping, common scab, a soil-borne disease has become a serious problem. The soil moisture level has been shown to be an important factor affecting the incidence of common scab. That is, a high level of soil moisture reduces the severity of common scab. However, in this investigation, although during the spring cropping precipitation was abundant, a large number of tubers showing scab lesions were produced. The results indicate that the soil moisture level may not be an important factor affecting the incidence of potato scab in the humid region.

To identify other factors which may affect scab severity, the relation between sugar content in the peel of potato tuber and the incidence of common scab was investigated. Generally, the amount of reducing sugar in the tuber peel increased gradually with the growth of the tubers, then reached a maximum level two weeks after the start of tuber formation, and thereafter declined. The period corresponding to the highest sugar content in peels coincided with the most susceptible period for scab infection. The content of reducing sugar in the peel of susceptible cultivars was higher than that of the resistant cultivars, throughout the tuber growth, and the critical value of the content was 2.0 mg per 100 g fresh peel. These results suggest that the content of reducing sugar in tuber peel may be an important factor affecting the incidence of common scab.     

Amount and speciation of N leached from a sandy soil fertilized with urea,liquid digestate,struvite and NH4-enriched chabazite zeolite-tuff

The large use and the bad management of fertilizers that are applied to soil for improving crop production have dramatically impaired soil, water, and air quality. To meet the requirements to reduce nitrogen (N) losses and all the related negative impacts on the environment and food production, it is mandatory to substitute or at least partially substitute the use of inefficient and unsustainable fertilizers with more efficient alternatives. The aim of this paper was to address the amount and speciation of the N released by a sandy soil fertilized with “slow-release fertilizers” and traditional fertilizers (urea and liquid digestate) by means of a series of column leaching experiments. The slow-release alternatives were represented by NH₄-enriched zeolitic tuff and struvite, both obtained by recovering the N from liquid digestate. The treatments consisted of sandy soil fertilized with (i) urea (U) (ii) liquid digestate (LD), (iii) NH₄-enriched zeolitic tuff (N-CHA) and (iv) struvite (STRV). Eight different flushing events were performed over 38 days, leachates were collected and analysed for total Kjeldahl N, organic-N, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N and pH. U and LD lost the majority of N within the first 2 flushing events as organic N and NH₄⁺-N, respectively. On the other hand, STRV and N-CHA lost less N over the whole course of the experiment and with more balanced speciation. The mass balance outlined that after the experiment, native soil N was mined in U and LD treatments while in N-CHA and STRV a fraction of N from the fertilizers was still present. The results showed a slow release of N which can be used more efficiently in agricultural applications, minimizing the N losses.     

基于还田视角的人粪尿处理研究进展

人粪尿中含有丰富的有机物和N、P、K等矿质营养物质,还田利用不仅可有效降低污水处理系统污染负荷,而且可代替部分化肥,促进绿色农业的发展。然而人粪尿直接还田存在环境风险,且尚未形成标准化处理模式。本文基于还田视角,归纳总结了国内外人粪尿还田技术的应用现状,结合人粪尿的特性,阐述了人粪尿主要处理技术的还田效应以及安全性,并且对各种技术进行了安全评估和比较。结果表明,厌氧消化、好氧堆肥技术在无标准规范下处理人粪不能保证还田的安全性,制备生物炭基肥还田具有安全可靠、减少农业碳排放等环境效益,水热炭化技术处理含水率较高的人粪具有独特的优势。尿液经储存还田仍存在微污染物风险,鸟粪石沉淀技术具有很好替代潜力,其他技术均停留在微污染物去除和营养物质回收的研究阶段。本文提出了人粪尿还田面临的问题和挑战,以及未来的研究方向,以期为人粪尿还田技术的合理选择和标准化、规范化研究提供参考。     

生物肥料磷的利用效率：生物有效性和组分

Although to date some technologies producing bio-based phosphorus (P) fertilizers have been proposed and implemented, the efficient use of the recovered products is still limited due to legislative constraints and lack of insights in the P release with time and in the corresponding mechanisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fertilizer performance in terms of P release and use efficiency of recovered struvite, FePO₄-sludge, digestate, and animal manure as compared to fossil reserve-based mineral triple superphosphate (TSP). First, product physicochemical characteristics and P fractions in the context of European fertilizer legislation were assessed. Next, a controlled greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate plant reactions as well as changes of P availability in a nutrient-rich sandy soil with high P status and a nutrient-poor Rheinsand soil with low P status. Soil P fractions were determined in the extracts with water, ammonium lactate and CaCl₂, and in soil solution sampled with Rhizon soil moisture samplers. Based on all results, it is worth conducting long-term field trials to evaluate the P release effect of struvite and digestate as compared to animal manure and TSP on different soil types with varying P status. These products showed promise as sustainable substitutes for conventional P fertilizers and could contribute to a more efficient use of P in agriculture. A refined classification of P application standards/recommendations in terms of soil P status, soil texture, and fertilizer characteristics, next to the crop P demand, is recommended. Moreover, the additional use of Rhizon samplers for determination of direct available P, including dissolved organic P, is proposed for better understanding and categorization of different P fertilizers in environmental and fertilizer legislations.     

堆肥中不同氮素原位固定剂的综合比较研究

为综合比较磷酸+氧化镁(PMO)、过磷酸钙(SP)和磷酸(PA)等3种氮素原位固定剂在堆肥化过程中对氮素损失控制、温室气体排放、堆肥品质以及成本的差异,进而选择合适的氮素原位固定剂,试验以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风模式(通风率均为0.25 L·kg~(-1)DW·min-1),在60 L发酵罐中进行模拟堆肥。结果表明,PMO处理能降低55.4%的NH3排放,但对N2O和CH4排放无显著影响;PMO堆肥产品充分腐熟,最终产品的晶体中鸟粪石相对含量达到78.3%。SP处理能降低37.5%的NH3和76.4%的CH4排放,对N2O无显著影响;氮素主要以氨氮形式固定。SP处理的成本最低,计算固定营养元素的价值后可实现利润4.0元·t-1。PA的NH3挥发率最低,仅为初始总氮的12.4%,但因氨氮积累导致堆肥未能彻底腐熟。鸟粪石沉淀技术是控制堆肥化过程中氮素损失的重要技术,在未来的研究中应当寻找磷酸的替代材料,以降低该技术的成本。     

Effect of water treatment sludge on growth and elemental composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) shoots

Abstract

The impact of a water treatment sludge on the fertility of a silt loam soil was assessed by monitoring the yield and elemental composition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) shoots in a greenhouse study. Application of sludge at rates from 2–10% (air dry weight basis) raised the soil pH from 5.3 to 8.0 which enhanced plant growth. A substantial reduction in metal (Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni) uptake was observed with sludge amendments, even at the highest rates. The alkaline nature of this sludge (pH=9.3, calcium carbonate equivalence=53%) suggests its potential use as a liming material for agricultural soils. Overly alkaline conditions should be avoided however, as high application rates combined with ammonia fertilization had an antagonistic effect on plant growth, possibly from P deficiency induced by struvite (MgNH₄PO₄) formation.     

沸石-鸟粪石复合材料对土壤中铅的稳定化作用

从模拟污水中回收制备了一种沸石-鸟粪石复合材料(Zeo-str材料)并用于土壤中铅的稳定。通过SEM/EDS和XRD表征、重金属有效态提取,改进的BCR连续提取法和酶活性分析等手段,探讨了该材料对土壤中铅的稳定化效果。结果表明:Zeo-str材料的主要组成为鸟粪石负载的铵饱和沸石,且相比于沸石具有更好的铅稳定化能力;当施加10%的Zeo-str材料,稳定28 d后,土壤中铅的可交换态含量降低了83%,可还原态和残渣态含量分别上升了8.7倍和2.5倍,并使得被铅抑制的蔗糖酶活性上升,被铅激活的过氧化氢酶活性下降。由此可见,Zeo-str材料可以稳定土壤中的铅,进而实现废物的资源化利用。     

鸟粪石沉淀法脱除氨氮对鸡粪厌氧发酵过程的影响

为缓解鸡粪厌氧发酵过程中产生的氨氮抑制,采用投加镁磷盐的方式,在厌氧发酵过程中原位脱除氨氮,考察鸟粪石沉淀法脱除氨氮对鸡粪厌氧发酵过程的影响及镁磷盐的利用效率。试验向稳定运行的半连续厌氧反应器内投加MgCl2·6H2O和K2HPO4·3H2O,理论脱除速率为3 000 mg/d。第一次加盐脱除氨氮后,试验组反应器内氨氮浓度由2 937 mg/L降低至1 466 mg/L,平均产甲烷量为0.39 L/g,相较对照组的0.33 L/g提高了18%,镁磷盐利用率为91%;第二次加盐脱除氨氮后,试验组氨氮浓度由2 232 mg/L降低至762 mg/L,平均产甲烷量为0.33 L/g,相较对照组的0.30 L/g提高了10%,镁磷盐利用率为90%。研究表明鸟粪石沉淀法能较好的与厌氧发酵过程相耦合,在脱除氨氮缓解抑制的同时,提高系统甲烷产量,并回收部分氮磷资源。     

Phosphorus bioavailability of sewage sludge‐based recycled fertilizers

Six phosphorus (P) fertilizers recycled from sewage sludge [Struvite SSL, Struvite AirPrex®, P‐RoC®, Mephrec®, Pyrolysis coal and Ash (Mg‐SSA)] were tested for their plant availability in potted soil of pH 7.2 under greenhouse conditions. The crop sequence simulated a rotation of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), maize (Zea maize L.), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Other P fertilizer treatments included: Phosphate Rock (PR), Calcium dihydrogen phosphate [Ca(H₂PO₄)₂], and an unfertilized control. Additionally, soil was regularly inoculated with two strains of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Pseudomonas sp. Proradix, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) to test their ability to increase P availability to plants. Sequential P fractionation was conducted to link the amount of readily available P in fertilizers to plant P acquisition. Shoot P content and dry matter of maize decreased in the following order: Struvite SSL ≥ Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ > P‐RoC® ≥ Struvite AirPrex® ≥ Mephrec® > Pyrolysis coal ≥ Mg‐SSA ≥ PR ≥ unfertilized. Rhizobacteria did not affect shoot biomass or P content. The results show that red clover might have mobilized substantial amounts of P. Sequential P fractionation was not suitable to predict the efficacy of the fertilizers. Generally, the sewage sludge‐based fertilizers tested proved to be suitable alternative P sources relevant to organic farming systems. However, the efficacy of recycled fertilizers is strongly dependent on their specific production conditions.