添加大米粉对面包面团揉混特性和拉伸特性的影响

以高筋面粉为对照,研究添加不同比例的大米粉所形成的混粉面团揉混特性和拉伸特性的影响。结果表明,随着大米粉添加量增加,混粉面团的形成时间、稳定时间和粉质指数呈下降趋势,当大米粉添加量超过20%时,对粉质指标产生显著性影响;当大米粉的添加量为20%,醒发时间为45 min和90 min的延伸度、拉伸面积呈极显著降低。醒发的时间越长,面粉的拉伸特性变化越小。因此,大米粉添加量为20%以内时,对面团揉和性能和拉伸性能影响较小。     

Dehydration of gluten matrix as a result of dietary fibre addition – A study on model flour with application of FT-IR spectroscopy

Nowadays, consumers demand dietary fibre-enriched products of appropriate taste, texture, smell and appearance. Unfortunately, addition of the dietary fibre supplements to bread significantly reduces its quality which is connected with changes in the structure of gluten proteins. Structural changes as well as changes in the water state of gluten matrix induced by eight dietary fibres were observed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To facilitate this the difference spectra were calculated by subtraction of the control (gluten only) infrared spectrum from the spectra of gluten-fibre mixtures. The presence of positive bands at ca. 1597 and 1235 cm⁻¹ indicated aggregation of gluten proteins into hydrogen bonded β-sheets. These β-sheets can be formed by other β-sheets, antiparallel-β-sheets, β-turns and/or α-helices. The aggregation is probably induced by partial dehydration of gluten matrix due to competition for water molecules between gluten proteins and fibre polysaccharides. This assumption is confirmed by the presence of the negative band at 3237 cm⁻¹ and decrease in the intensity of the band at 3051 cm⁻¹. These bands are assigned to the weak and strong H-bonds in the gluten matrix, respectively. The results indicated that both weak and strong H-bonds are necessary to dough formation of adequate rheological properties.     

Activation of Akt/protein kinase B mediates the protective effects of mechanical stretching against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Akt/protein kinase B is a well-known cell survival factor and activated by many stimuli including mechanical stretching. Therefore, we evaluated the cardioprotective effect of a brief mechanical stretching of rat hearts and determined whether activation of Akt through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is involved in stretch-induced cardioprotection (SIC). Stretch preconditioning reduced infarct size and improved post-ischemic cardiac function compared to the control group. Phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream substrate, GSK-3β, was increased by mechanical stretching and completely blocked by wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor. Treatment with lithium or SB216763 (GSK-3β inhibitors) before ischemia induction mimicked the protective effects of SIC on rat heart. Gadolinium (Gd³⁺), a blocker of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs), inhibited the stretch-induced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β. Furthermore, SIC was abrogated by wortmannin and Gd³⁺. In vivo stretching induced by an aorto-caval shunt increased Akt phosphorylation and reduced myocardial infarction; these effects were diminished by wortmannin and Gd³⁺ pretreatment. Our results showed that mechanical stretching can provide cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Additionally, the activation of Akt, which might be regulated by SACs and the PI3K pathway, plays an important role in SIC.     

不同成熟度荷叶力学特性试验研究

为减少撤肥机藕田作业时肥料颗粒在被高速抛出以及下落过程中对荷叶造成的冲击损伤,对不同成熟度荷叶的力学特性进行了研究.以"鄂莲一号"荷叶为对象,利用质构仪以成熟度、部位和方向为因素进行了拉伸、穿刺全因素试验,利用ANSYS软件对荷叶拉伸与肥料冲击过程进行了仿真.结果 表明:荷叶弹性模量为2.53～-7.45 MPa,最大拉力为2.65～5.02 N,取样部位对弹性模量影响极显著,成熟度对弹性模量影响显著,拉伸方向对弹性模量影响不显著;荷叶表面能够承受的最大穿刺力为0.86～-1.3 N,取样部位对抵抗穿刺能力影响显著,成熟度对抵抗穿刺能力影响不显著;拉伸仿真试验中荷叶断裂前的拉伸曲线与实际拉伸曲线最大、最小误差为14％和3％,根据冲击仿真试验结果推测的荷叶破坏形式与实际撤肥试验中荷叶破损情况较一致.研究结果可为荷叶加工利用以及藕田撒肥机的设计提供参考.     

蒜薹拉伸特性研究

对大蒜(Allium sativum L.)蒜薹的拉伸特性进行了试验,旨在为蒜薹收获机械的设计提供参考依据。在测试了蒜薹的拉伸强度以及从蒜株中拔出蒜薹的拉力值后,应用灰色系统理论分析了蒜薹拉伸强度的影响因素。结果表明,蒜薹拉伸强度与品种、蒜薹含水率、加载速度有关;蒜薹含水率越低,拉伸强度越大;蒜株越粗,拔出蒜薹的拉力值越大。     

基于鹅舍气流场CFD模拟的通风系统结构优化与验证

针对鹅舍内机械通风时大量气流扩散于鹅舍上方而位于地面鹅只通风效果受阻的气流问题,提出一种基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的结构优化方案。通过在舍内主梁下端安装相同高度且与气流方向呈一定倾角的多个可拉伸卷膜构造方法,提高种鹅舍内有效的通风效率。依据试验现场边界条件,构建并求解了鹅舍的三维稳态模型,舍内40个测点的风速模拟值与实测值均方根误差为0.152 m/s,最大绝对误差为0.29 m/s,平均相对误差为2.04%,验证了建立的鹅舍CFD模型的准确性。根据不同优化方案数值模拟了27组不同改造后鹅舍内气流场分布情况,仿真得出最优组合方案:在42 m长的舍内安装卷膜个数为10个,卷膜与主梁竖直方向倾斜角度为60o以及卷膜最大下拉高度为1.2 m时舍内通风效率最高、气流分布最均匀。通过现场实测,对比改造前后40个测点的风速值,试验结果表明:改造后鹅舍较常规鹅舍平均风速增加0.527 m/s,舍内气流不均匀系数降低32.2%。该试验结果为种鹅舍的结构设计、同类型畜禽舍结构优化以及改善通风降温效果调控提供了一定的参考依据。     

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of residualstress in the stretching process of the 7075 aluminum alloy

Numerical simulation of the direct thermo-mechanical coupling of temperature field and stress field during the 7075 aluminium alloy plate’s quenching process is investigated and the distribution tendency of residual stress is acquired. Numerical simulation of the elimination effect of varying stretching rates on the residual stress in the stretching process is carried out based on isotropic hardening Mises yield criterion and Prandtl-Reuss plastic flow rule with incremental theory. Then blind hole method is adopted to measure the residual stress. Both results show the optimum stretching rate for 12 mm thick 7075 aluminum alloy plate is 1%. From the residual stress distribution rules, it is showed that with varying stretching rates, the elimination effects of surface and internal residual stresses have similar variation tendency.     

大型立式泵机组碟簧支撑圆形瓦推力滑动轴承研究

目前我国大型立式泵机组几乎都采用刚性支撑的扇形可倾瓦推力滑动轴承,它们在开停机、正常和异常工况下的运转性能、检修维护等方面都存在诸多弊病,易出现烧瓦事故等。本文详细介绍了一种碟形弹簧支撑圆形瓦的新型推力滑动轴承,它来自目前世界上最著名的德国RENK公司技术,经引进、消化、吸收和再创新后得到。分析了这种轴承的结构、工作原理及其关键部件,如碟形弹簧、圆形推力瓦、导瓦间隙微调装置、新型绝缘装置、推力头与转轴涨紧消隙装置等。静态和动态性能分析表明,这种轴承运行时均载性好,抗冲击、吸振性能好;安装调试和维修方便,运行可靠性高,适合在我国大中型立式水泵机组中推广采用。