外源ABA对苹果砧木叶片解剖结构 及内源激素含量的影响

通过光镜和透射电镜分别观察外源脱落酸（ABA）处理下楸子（Malus prunifolia）、平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis）和新疆野苹果（M. sieversii）叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构的变化，利用扫描电镜和酶联免疫法分别研究ABA处理对叶片气孔特征及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比，ABA处理下楸子、平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果的叶厚分别减少了7.93%、0.25%和0.81%，栅栏组织厚度分别减少了31.43%、8.53%和4.99%（P＜0.05），海绵组织厚度分别增加了10.34%、6.14%和5.63%（P＜0.05），叶肉组织结构疏松度（SR）分别增加了19.59%、6.55%和6.50%。ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比值（P/S）及叶肉组织结构紧密度（CTR）较对照显著减少（P＜0.05），其中，P/S值分别下降37.86%和13.82%，CTR分别下降25.46%和8.29%，而新疆野苹果的P/S值和CTR下降但不显著。此外，ABA处理下楸子和平邑甜茶的上表皮细胞厚度较对照分别增加了5.82%和6.43%，新疆野苹果的较对照减少了26.23%（P＜0.05）；楸子和新疆野苹果的下表皮细胞厚度较对照增加了12.09%和14.21%（P＜0.05），平邑甜茶的较对照减少了12.56%。平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果叶片上下角质层厚度较对照显著增加（P＜0.05），而楸子的变化不显著。在ABA诱导下，3种砧木的气孔密度、气孔大小（长度×宽度）及其开口度和开张比均不同程度地下降，其中，楸子的较对照分别下降了3.62%、7.12%×19.59%、67.60%和86.66%，平邑甜茶的分别下降了3.50%、4.99%×20.65%、32.42%和58.24%，新疆野苹果的分别下降了8.54%、0.92%×12.06%、20.37%和16.35%。ABA处理下3种砧木叶片细胞中叶绿体的数量变少，类囊体结构排列疏松，叶绿体上的淀粉粒趋于变小。外施ABA使3种砧木叶片内源ABA和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量极显著增加（P＜0.01），其中楸子ABA和ZR含量比对照分别增加30.83%和13.31%，平邑甜茶的分别增加62.40%和45.28%，而新疆野苹果的分别增加了37.07%和17.06%。楸子和新疆野苹果叶片的吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA）含量无显著变化，而平邑甜茶叶片的IAA及GA含量比对照分别增加了62.62%和20.62%（P＜0.01）。总之，在ABA处理下，3种苹果砧木的叶片组织解剖结构和气孔特征都发生旱生性结构变化，叶肉细胞中淀粉粒趋于变小，叶片内源ABA和ZR水平增加显著，而IAA和GA水平变化因基因型不同而存在差异。     

Hygroscopic salts support the stomatal penetration of glyphosate and influence its biological efficacy

The objective of this study was to better understand the role of chaotropic and kosmotropic salts in stomatal uptake, a process that occurs in parallel with cuticular penetration and affects the bioefficacy of glyphosate. In Trial 1, salt solutions of kosmotropic (NH₄)₂SO₄ and chaotropic NaClO₃, with or without the organosilicone surfactant, Break‐Thru® S233 (BT), and with or without glyphosate, were prepared. In Trial 2, sodium salts with a kosmotropic‐to‐chaotropic nature (Na₂SO₄, NaCl, NaNO₃ or NaClO₃) and BT were prepared with or without glyphosate. At very high concentrations, the salts of a kosmotropic nature induced a slight decrease in the surface tension, whereas those of a chaotropic nature triggered a significant decrease in the surface tension. Solution droplets were deposited onto the leaves of Viola arvensis and Chenopodium album. The dried deposits were analyzed with an environmental scanning electron microscope. The salts formed structures linking the exterior to the interior of the stomata in the crystalline ([NH₄]₂SO₄) or amorphous (NaClO₃) form. However, the low surface tension alone did not appear to be the unique driving force for stomatal uptake. With glyphosate, amorphous globular structures of glyphosate salt were formed in the Na₂SO₄ (kosmotropic) solution. Differently, the salts of a rather chaotropic nature (NaNO₃ or NaClO₃) formed a colloidal matrix. In general, salt residues were observed over the periclinal cell walls and inside the stomatal chamber. Neither (NH₄)₂SO₄ nor Na₂SO₄ had a significant impact on glyphosate bioefficacy. However, the chaotropic salt, NaNO₃, enhanced the bioefficacy of glyphosate the most, with a performance that was comparable to that of the solution glyphosate + organosilicone surfactant.     

Modelling Wheat Stomatal Resistance in Hourly Time Steps from Micrometeorological Variables and Soil Water Status

An accurate estimation of stomatal resistance (r_S) also under drought stress conditions is of pivotal importance for any process‐based prediction of transpiration and the energy budget of real crop canopies and quantification of drought stress. A new model for r_S was developed and parameterized for winter wheat using data from field experiments accounting for the influences of net radiation (R_Net), air temperature (T_Air) and vapour pressure deficit of the atmosphere (VPD) interacting with an average water potential in the rooted soil (ψ_RootedSoil). r_S is simulated with a limiting factor approach as maximum of the metabolic (related to photosynthesis) and hydraulic (related to drought stress) acting influences assuming that, if drought stress occurs, it will dominate stomatal control: r_S = max(r_S(T_Air), r_S(R_Net), r_S(VPD, ψ_RootedSoil)). This transitional approach is suited to reproduce measured daily time courses of r_S with a varying accuracy for the single measurement dates but performed satisfactorily for the whole data set (r² = 0.63, RMSE = 59 s m^?1, EF = 0.60). This new semi‐empiric approach calculates r_S directly from external environmental conditions. Therefore, it can be easily implemented in existing model frameworks as link between operational crop growth models that use the concept of radiation use efficiency instead of mechanistic photosynthesis modelling and soil–vegetation–atmosphere transport models.     

Physiological processes associated with salinity tolerance in an alfalfa half‐sib family

We previously reported an alfalfa half‐sib family, HS‐B, with improved salt tolerance, compared to parental plants, P‐B. In this study, we conducted additional experiments to address potential physiological mechanisms that may contribute to salt tolerance in HS‐B. Vegetatively propagated HS‐B and P‐B plants were treated with a nutrient solution (control) or a nutrient solution containing NaCl (EC = 12 dS/m). Shoots and roots were harvested at various time points after treatment for quantification of proline, soluble sugar, and H₂O₂ using spectrophotometers. Subcellular localization and quantification of Na in roots were conducted using a Na⁺‐specific dye under a confocal microscope. HS‐B produced 86 and 89% greater shoot and root dry biomass, respectively, compared to parental plants, P‐B, under salinity in the greenhouse. Under saline conditions the HS‐B shoots accumulated 115% and roots 55% more soluble sugars than P‐B counterparts. The non‐saline HS‐B shoots, however, showed 72% less soluble sugars than the non‐saline P‐B plants. Under saline conditions HS‐B accumulated 39% less proline in shoots, while roots accumulated 56% more proline, compared to their P‐B parents. HS‐B plants also showed a greater reduction of stomatal conductance under mild saline stress. HS‐B shoots and roots contained 3–4 times less reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂) after salt treatment compared to P‐B plants. Sodium localization and distribution analysis using Na⁺‐specific dye revealed HS‐B plants accumulated 88% and 48% less Na⁺ in stele and xylem vessels compared to P‐B. The study provides insights into the potential mechanisms that may contribute to salt tolerance in HS‐B: maintaining RWC by accumulating soluble sugars while reducing transpiration, maintaining healthy status by reducing oxidative stresses, and preventing salt toxicity by reducing accumulation of Na⁺ inside root cells and xylem.     

温室番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性及其与生态因子的关系

以温室春-夏季番茄为试验材料,采用小区试验方法,探讨了花果期和盛果期不同土壤水分条件下番茄叶片生理指标日变化特性、水分利用效率WUEL及生态因子间相关性。结果表明,番茄不同生育期生理指标日变化峰值时间不同;日均气孔导度、蒸腾速率随土壤水分的增加而变大,而日均光合速率最大值出现在70%土壤相对含水率的处理;两生育期蒸腾速率和光合速率受气孔调节的效应明显。在试验范围内,土壤水分越低,WUEL越高,番茄花果期WUEL较大。光合有效辐射是影响叶片光合速率重要生态因子。     

不同光谱能量分布对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响#br#

 【目的】探讨不同光谱能量分布对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响,为番茄工厂化育苗的光环境调控提供理论依据。【方法】采用LED调制并获取6种不同光谱能量分布的光源,以镝灯为对照,在AGRI-LED植物培养系统内培育番茄幼苗,其它环境因子保持一致。在幼苗期测定植株株高、茎粗、叶面积等形态指标以及根系活力、糖氮物质、叶片抗氧化酶活性等生理指标,并观察叶片下表皮气孔特性。【结果】蓝光、红蓝光组合及红蓝绿光组合处理的幼苗植株矮壮、比叶面积小,根冠比及壮苗指数高,红光处理与之相反。复合光谱有利于幼苗的生长和形态建成;单一红光、黄光或绿光处理引起幼苗徒长,添加蓝光能够抑制这种效应。蓝光处理的幼苗总可溶性糖、总游离氨基酸含量以及干样质量均显著高于其它处理;红蓝绿光组合处理的幼苗根系活力、总淀粉含量最高;红蓝光组合处理的叶片光合速率及可溶性蛋白含量最高而且有利于糖氮物质在叶、茎、根中的均衡分布。蓝光、红蓝光组合、红蓝绿光组合处理的幼苗叶片的气孔密度较高,气孔面积及单位叶面积气孔面积较大;黄光处理的幼苗总的蔗糖含量虽然较高,但其它各项指标都较小,不利于幼苗生长发育。【结论】蓝光、红蓝组合光及红蓝绿组合光有利于樱桃番茄幼苗的生长发育并能降低能耗成本。     

被子植物叶片气孔制片方法研究

通过叶片气孔制片方法可研究植物有机体的生理代谢和生理功能,总结了常用的气孔制片方法,以为不同叶片材料和不同观察要求下选用合适的制片方法提供参考依据。     

裂果性不同枣品种叶片气孔特性观察

以36个枣品种为试材,对其气孔开度、气孔大小、气孔密度进行观察,并分析其叶片气孔特性与裂果性之间的关系.结果表明:所观察的枣树叶片气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔开度分别为305.46个/mm2～619.28个/mm2,74·67,μm2～191.83 μm2,28.57 μm2～108.67μm2.抗裂品种的气孔开度、气孔大小、气孔密度的平均值分别为59·09μm2,122.46/μm2,441.40个/mm2,易裂品种分别为47.20μm2,104.38,μm2,426.02个/mm2,抗裂品种在气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔开度3个方面的平均值均大于易裂品种.经SAS分析,气孔密度是枣叶片气孔特性的主导因子,以叶片气孔密度可以将枣品种聚为5类,其中第1类抗裂品种较多,第2类易裂品种较多,第3类抗裂品种与易裂品种数量相等,第4类和第5类较特殊,分别包含1个抗裂品种.     

6个石榴品种的光合和蒸腾特性

为了提高石榴的品质及产量,利用美国Li-6400光合作用系统测定仪对芽变的软籽新品种白玉、白玉母本、玉石籽、大笨子、二笨子和薄皮糙6个石榴品种的光合速率、蒸腾速率等进行了研究,并对所测数据进行分析,结果表明:6个石榴品种的光补偿点变化范围为25~52μmol.m-2s-1,光饱和点变化范围为600~1 050μmol.m-2s-1,品种间相差较小;6个石榴品种的净光合速率日变化差别较大,其中4个品种为双峰型,并有"午休"现象,但"午休"时间不相同,二笨子和白玉母本为单峰型,并不出现"午休"现象。薄皮糙、大笨子、二笨子的蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈锯齿状,白玉母本和玉石籽为双峰曲线,白玉为单峰曲线。6个品种的胞间CO2浓度变化曲线类似"V"形。     

Study of stomatal parameters for selection of drought resistant varieties in Triticum durum DESF

An analysis was made of the stomatal apparatus of the leaves of five Italian durum wheat varieties, grown under different natural rainfall regimes.Rainfall had a significant influence on both development of the leaves and frequency and size of the stomata. Results were examined with respect to yield stability. Correlations between examined traits were calculated.