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1.
Sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The adaxial leaf surface was distinctly covered with soot‐like masses of dark brown hyphae and conidia. The main characteristics of the sooty moulds included stauroconidia, conidial clusters, hyphal degeneration and extracellular melanin depositions. Some conidia were round, measured ~10 μm in diameter, and mostly one‐septate; others were branched and multiseptate (stauroconidia). Based on their morphology, the sooty moulds were determined to consist of several component fungal species belonging to genera such as Antennaria, Metacapnodium and Tripospermum. Enclosed in electron‐dense melanin layers, hyphae and conidial clusters had concentric bodies exhibiting electron‐transparent cores and electron‐dense shells with fibrillar sheaths. Concentric bodies are hypothesized to function as multilayer lipid‐encapsulated nanobubbles or eukaryotic gas vesicles for cytoplasmic volume control. Intrahyphal hyphae possessed electron‐dense cytoplasm and lipid globules. These results suggest that sooty moulds are equipped with melanized cell walls, multicelled resting structures, hyphal regeneration, intrahyphal growth and gas vesicles to adapt to their xeric phylloplane environment. Condensed and elongated starch granules in the chloroplasts of mesophyll tissues may indicate the acclimation of the sooty leaf regions to light reduction and temperature increase.  相似文献   
2.
The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of prematurational culture (pre-IVM) supplemented with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of in vitro-grown bovine oocytes. In experiment 1, oocytes (95 μm in diameter) derived from early antral follicles (0.5–1 mm in diameter) were cultured for 12 days for in vitro growth (IVG). IVG oocytes with a normal appearance were subjected to examinations of diameter and chromatin structure in the germinal vesicle (GV) before IVM. In addition, percentages of metaphase II (M II) were examined after IVM. Regardless of pre-IVM, the mean diameters of IVG oocytes were about 115 μm. The proportions of GV3 (50.0%) and M II stages (80.1%) of IVG oocytes with pre-IVM were higher than those without pre-IVM (28.0 and 49.4%, respectively). In experiment 2, the fertilizability and developmental competence of IVG oocytes were examined. Regardless of pre-IVM, the normal fertilization rates of IVG oocytes were similar (around 70%) but were lower than that of in vivo-grown oocytes (88.0%). Cleavage and blastocyst rates of IVG oocytes with pre-IVM (63.0 and 26.1%, respectively) were higher than those without pre-IVM (45.8 and 12.7%, respectively). The blastocyst rate based on cleaved IVG oocytes with pre-IVM (41.7%) was similar to that of in vivo-grown oocytes (48.7%), although the cleavage rate of IVG oocytes with pre-IVM was lower than that of in vivo-grown oocytes. In conclusion, pre-IVM with IBMX improved the maturational and developmental competences of IVG oocytes, probably due to promotion of their chromatin transition and synchronization of meiotic progression.  相似文献   
3.
近年来,利用加压使蓝藻细胞内伪空胞破裂,藻细胞因失去浮力而下沉的原理开发了一些控藻技术,如加压控藻船、深井加压控藻等,已应用于缓解富营养化水体表面的蓝藻水华堆聚问题。但对加压后下沉蓝藻的去向及其可能导致的水质生态风险尚缺乏研究。为探讨加压后微囊藻的生长变化及其对水质的影响,本文研究了加压对微囊藻的伪空胞、细胞形态、群体粒径、光合活性、漂浮率的影响,并比较了未加压和加压微囊藻在有光和无光条件下的生长差异。结果表明,在0.7 MPa、30 s加压条件下,漂浮在水体表面的微囊藻群体在加压后迅速下沉,漂浮率由95%下降至1.99%;藻细胞内的伪空胞破裂,藻细胞变形萎缩,群体粒径变小,光合活性下降,但细胞膜未破损。未加压和加压后的藻样在有光与无光条件下培养的第3天,加压下沉的藻在光照条件下有17.91%重新上浮至水体表面,并且其光合活性逐渐恢复。透射电镜结果显示上浮藻细胞内有伪空胞重新生成;同时反转录PCR结果表明,实验第3天光照加压处理组伪空胞gvpA和gvpC基因表达较其他实验组显著上调,也表明细胞进行了伪空胞合成过程。所有处理组水体中溶解性总氮(Dissolved Total Nitrogen,DTN)含量在前3天无明显变化,但3天之后均不断上升;且加压后水体中DTN含量在无光条件下比有光条件下更高。综上所述,加压控藻技术能使水体表面的水华微囊藻迅速下沉,减少表层水华;但下沉的微囊藻在有光条件下3天内能部分重新上浮,而在无光条件下更易衰亡释放有机物导致水体DTN含量增加。建议宜及时清除加压后下沉的蓝藻,避免蓝藻再次上浮形成水华,防止水质恶化。  相似文献   
4.
The shape of the lipid vesicle (the ratio between the maximal and the minimal diameter and the shape coefficient) of the eggs of Diplodus puntazzo and Sparus aurata is correlated with larval survival rate (%) and can be used as an egg quality marker as reported previously by Lahnsteiner and Patarnello (2005) . In the present study, this method for egg quality determination has also been validated for common dentex, Dentex dentex, after introducing several modifications in the calculation and evaluation procedure in order to obtain higher sensitivity. In the present study, it could be demonstrated that the shape of the lipid vesicle is not only correlated with the hatching rate but also with the survival rate of 1, 2 and 3 days post hatch larvae and therefore it can also be used as an indicator of larval viability at early stages of development.  相似文献   
5.
在扫尾负鼠卵母细胞中新发现了一种蛋白,即囊泡相关蛋白(VAP1)。该蛋白基因在卵巢或发育的卵母细胞中有表达,与卵母细胞中极性的囊泡形成有关。囊泡相关蛋白在N端的T13~K114区域有与半胱氨酸酶抑制蛋白C相似的结构域,可能具有抑制半胱氨酸酶对蛋白的酶解作用,促进卵母细胞中母源蛋白的积累,调节受精后胚胎的发育。  相似文献   
6.
柑桔不同去囊衣方法对囊瓣质量的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文研究了柑桔三种不同去囊衣方法对囊瓣的营养成份和外观品质的影响,磷酸盐-碱法处理囊瓣的各种营养成份保存率最高,酸碱法次之,酶法最低,酶法处理囊瓣的破碎率较低,感观质量也优于其他两种方法。  相似文献   
7.
为研究Na 在仔猪小肠Gly-Pro跨膜转运中的作用,采用同位素示踪及体外孵育技术,观察在不同Na 浓度梯度条件下Gly-Pro在仔猪小肠刷状缘膜囊(brush border membrane vesicles,BBMV)的跨膜转运量。结果表明:(1)用K 替代Na ,并没有降低Gly-Pro在BBMV中的转运量,在孵育前20min时间内,Gly-Pro的转运量稍稍提高;(2)Na 可使BBMV对L-丙氨酸的转运量提高到4.6倍,但不影响Gly-Pro的转运;二氢骆驼蓬碱显著地降低L-丙氨酸的转运,但对Gly-Pro的转运无影响。研究提示,Gly-Pro在仔猪小肠BBMV体系中的转运与Na 不存在依赖性的关系。  相似文献   
8.
The present study examines the contribution of the nucleus to meiotic competence in mouse oocytes that were reconstructed using nuclear transfer. Three types of reconstructed oocytes were produced: MP‐GV, by transplanting the male pronucleus (MP) into germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes; 3T3‐GV, by transplanting the nucleus of a National Institute of Health (NIH) 3T3 cell into a GV stage oocyte; and 3T3‐MII, by transplanting the nucleus of an NIH 3T3 cell into a metaphase II (MII) stage oocyte. The fusion rates differed, but not significantly, in the MP‐GV, 3T3‐GV, and 3T3‐MII groups (77, 63, 56%, respectively). Then, meiotic competence was compared in MP‐GV, 3T3‐GV and non‐manipulated GV stage oocytes as a control. Nuclear envelope breakdown occurred in all the reconstructed oocytes, as well as the control ones. The percentage of first polar body extrusion differed between the MP‐GV (100%), 3T3‐GV (72%), and control (67%) groups. DNA staining with Hoechst 33342 revealed that in the MP‐GV‐group oocytes that had reached MII stage, the chromosomes were condensed and aligned in a regular array similar to the normal metaphase plate. By contrast, in 3T3‐GV group oocytes, the condensed chromosomes were irregularly scattered in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that the donor nucleus affects meiotic competence in reconstructed oocytes.  相似文献   
9.
The in vitro effects of several steroids on the maturation of intact white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) ovarian follicles were investigated. At the highest concentration (1024 ng ml–1 for the C21 steroids and 1139 ng ml–1 for the C19 steroids), all of the C21 steroids tested, progesterone (P4), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P), 17,(20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one 20-S), 11-deoxycortisol (S) and cortisol (F), as well as testosterone (T) induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) at 14 and 22 h. At 6 h, only P4 and 17,20-P induced maturation at the highest concentration (1024 ng ml–1). At 14 and 22 h, 11-deoxycortisol was the most potent steroid inducer of GVBD followed by P4, 17OHP, 17,20-P, and 20-S. The steroid 11-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) was completely ineffective at all concentrations and exposure times. The C21 steroids induced oocyte maturation at concentrations ranging from 4 to 1024 ng ml–1, whereas T induced GVBD at 225 to 1139 ng ml–1. Calculation of the mean effective concentration that induced 50% GVBD (EC50) from the 22 h incubations revealed the following order of potencies: S > P4 > 17OHP > 17,20-P > 20-S >> F > T. These bioassay results, together with previous findings on the endogenous production of steroids by ovarian follicles from gonadotropin-primed females, indicate that more than one steroid has a biological role in the resumption of meiosis in sturgeon oocytes and provides empirical evidence for P4, 17OHP, S, 20-S, and 17,20-P as maturation-inducing steroids in white sturgeon.  相似文献   
10.
Over a 6-year period seven adult horses of different breeds and genders developed multifocal, exudative, oozing dermatitis characterized histologically by epidermal spongiotic vesicles and perivascular eosinophilic, neutrophilic and mixed mononuclear inflammation. Three horses were pruritic. Systemic disease was not noted. Two horses had a history of recurrent urticaria (hives) and one horse had nodules or welt-type lesions that progressed to exudative, oozing lesions. Interepithelial immunoglobulin (Ig)G was detected by avidin-biotin complex-peroxidase staining, but the pattern of staining was more consistent with epithelial oedema than specific IgG deposition associated with pemphigus. The exudative oozing lesions developed under circumstances suggesting that dermal oedema progressed to intracellular and intercellular epidermal oedema, which in turn progressed to the spongiotic vesicular epidermal lesions.  相似文献   
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