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1.
  1. Sperm whales have occupied the waters off the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, for at least the past 200 years. During the 19th century, they were the target of intensive whaling that severely depleted the population. In recent times, after commercial whaling ended, sperm whales in the region remain vulnerable to multiple threats, especially potential entanglement in fishing gear, which may hinder their ability to recover from the whaling era.
  2. As a highly mobile, long-lived species, long-term analysis of the habitat use of sperm whales is necessary to establish effective conservation and management strategies. Here, contemporary (1985–2014) and historical (1830–1850) sperm whale habitat use off the Galápagos Islands was analysed and contrasted to the extent of the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR). Contemporary habitat use and its variability over time were modelled as a function of geographic, oceanographic, and topographic variables using generalized additive models.
  3. The fine-scale habitat (<50 km) used by sperm whales was associated with topographic (i.e. depth and slope) and oceanographic characteristics (i.e. relative sea surface temperature and standard deviation of sea surface temperature), but these preferences varied over time.
  4. While historical and contemporary data indicate that sperm whale habitat primarily occurred within the boundaries of the GMR, in recent years, whales were found up to 30.1% of the time outside the GMR, potentially overlapping with commercial fisheries operating in the area.
  5. The dynamic nature of the relationship of this nomadic species with its habitat highlights the need of large-scale conservation efforts across the Eastern Tropical Pacific region, including the wide-scale enforcement of regulations requiring the use of Automatic Identification System in fishing vessels, the promotion of on-board fisheries observer programmes, the development of adaptive management strategies, and international collaboration to identify and mitigate threats.
  相似文献   
2.
  1. Understanding the factors driving population structure in marine mammals is needed to evaluate the impacts of previous exploitation, current anthropogenic threats, conservation status, and success of population recovery efforts.
  2. Sperm whales are characterized by a worldwide distribution, low genetic diversity, complex patterns of social and genetic structure that differ significantly within and between ocean basins, and a long history of being commercially whaled. In Australia, sperm whales from the (International Whaling Commission assigned) southern hemisphere ‘Division 5’ stock were very heavily exploited by whaling.
  3. The present study assessed the potential effects of whaling on the genetic diversity of sperm whales in Australia and the population genetic structure of these whales within a global context. A combination of historical and contemporary sperm whale samples (n = 157) were analysed across six regions, from south-eastern Australia (‘Division 6’ stock in the Pacific Ocean) to south-western Australia (‘Division 5’ stock in the Indian Ocean).
  4. Sperm whales sampled from the ‘Division 5’ and ‘Division 6’ stocks belong to the same population based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses. Four novel sperm whale mtDNA haplotypes were identified in animals from Australian waters. Levels of genetic diversity were low in Australian sperm whales but were similar to those previously reported for populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
  5. Given the genetic distinctiveness of sperm whales in Australian waters from other regions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the lack of recovery in population numbers, further scientific studies are needed to increase our understanding of population dynamics and the effectiveness of threat management strategies in this species.
  相似文献   
3.
旨在建立可以定量计算奶山羊精液中X、Y精子数量的双重TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法,用以检测经过分离的奶山羊精液X和Y精子的数量和比例,为性控技术的开发和生产应用提供技术支撑。本研究选择X、Y染色体中特异基因F9及ZFY片段设计引物,建立标准曲线,优化荧光定量PCR反应体系和条件。通过对阳性标准品梯度稀释以及对60支已知纯度的性控精液进行测定(3次重复)来检验方法的敏感性和可靠性。结果显示,所建立的双重TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法特异性和重复性好,X和Y精子检测灵敏性分别为47和51 copies·μL-1;利用该方法对商品化的奶山羊性控冷冻精液中X和Y精子的数量和比例进行计算,其结果与销售公司提供的X和Y精子的纯度无显著差异(P>0.05),表明该方法结果可靠。本研究建立的计算奶山羊X、Y精子数量的双重TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法特异性和重复性好,灵敏度高,结果可靠,为计算奶山羊精液分离后X、Y精子数量及比例提供了快速可靠的方法。  相似文献   
4.
试验旨在探讨稳定可靠的贮精腺上皮细胞分离及原代培养方法,为研究鸡贮精机理提供细胞模型。以鸡输卵管的子宫阴道交接部组织样为材料,采用酶消化法和组织块培养法分离培养母鸡贮精腺上皮细胞,观察母鸡贮精腺上皮细胞的培养情况,比较不同细胞培养方法获得贮精腺上皮细胞的生长情况。结果表明,用胶原酶或胰酶单独消化母鸡子宫阴道交接部组织,经100目过滤后获得的贮精腺上皮细胞24 h后可贴壁,但48~72 h后细胞死亡;用胶原酶Ⅺ(0.01 g/mL)与胰酶(0.25%)先后消化母鸡子宫阴道交接部组织后再经100目过滤获得的贮精腺上皮细胞贴壁性良好,24~48 h细胞出现明显增殖,72 h后细胞增殖速度减慢,开始死亡;用组织块培养法7 d可获得鸡贮精腺上皮原代细胞,该细胞可传2~3代;用组织块培养法获得的细胞进行免疫组化试验,发现细胞表达贮精腺差异表达基因编码的NXPH1蛋白,该蛋白在培养细胞内的表达符合其分泌蛋白特性,表明组织块培养法所获细胞可用于后续研究。综上,用组织块培养法获得的鸡贮精腺上皮细胞可为研究母鸡贮精腺机制提供细胞模型。  相似文献   
5.
Acipenser sinensis and Acipenser dabryanus are critically endangered species, so germplasm conservation via cryopreservation of sperm is necessary. Disaccharides can act as membrane‐impermeable cryoprotectants, and enolase3 (ENO3) and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase isoform (PMCA2) are proteins associated with sperm quality. We considered seven characteristics of sperm quality in cultured brood stock from A. sinensis and A. dabryanus. We tested use of sucrose or trehalose alone and in combination at different concentrations for cryopreservation of A. dabryanus sperm. A low concentration of sucrose plus trehalose (S15T15) was optimal. Mixing of the extender with sucrose, lactose, or trehalose alone or with pairwise mixtures revealed that a mixture of lactose and trehalose (L15T15) gave the best results for both A. sinensis and A. dabryanus. Enolase3 and PMCA2 expression levels were measured in cryopreserved A. sinensis sperm via Western blotting. Relative ENO3 and PMCA2 expression levels were examined, and the relationship between disaccharide composition, sperm quality and protein expression was explored in A. sinensis. The results showed that relative ENO3 and PMCA2 expression levels were the highest at L15T15 in cryopreserved A. sinensis sperm. There were significant positive correlations between ENO3 expression and percentage membrane integrity, and between PMCA2 expression and sperm motility parameters (percentage of motile sperm, curvilinear velocity, straight‐line velocity and average path velocity; p < .05) in cryopreserved A. sinensis sperm. Our results indicate the optimal disaccharide combination and concentrations for cryopreservation of A. sinensis and A. dabryanus sperm and suggest that ENO3 and PMCA2 expression levels could serve as a valuable indicator of sperm quality in A. sinensis.  相似文献   
6.
Development of new semen cryopreservation techniques improving sperm survival and ensuring availability of viable spermatozoa for a prolonged time‐period after AI is promising tools to reduce sensitivity of timing of AI and enhance overall fertility. The SpermVital® technology utilizes immobilization of bull spermatozoa in a solid network of alginate gel prior to freezing, which will provide a gradual release of spermatozoa after AI. The objective of this study was to compare post‐thaw sperm quality and in vitro sperm survival over time of Norwegian Red bull semen processed by the SpermVital® (SV) technology, the first commercialized production line of SpermVital® (C) and by conventional procedure applying Biladyl® extender (B). Post‐thaw sperm motility was not significantly different between SV, C and B semen (p > .05). However, sperm viability and acrosome intactness were higher for SV than C and B semen (p < .05). Small differences in DNA quality were observed (p < .05). Sperm viability after storage in uterus ex vivo was higher for SV than for C semen (p < .05). Furthermore, sperm survival in vitro over time at physiological temperature was significantly higher for SV semen than C semen as well as B semen during the incubation period of 48 hr (p < .05). In conclusion, the SpermVital® technology is improved and is more efficient in conserving post‐thaw sperm quality and results in higher sperm viability over time in vitro for SV than for C and B semen.  相似文献   
7.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of initial cooling time at 5°C during semen cryopreservation on post‐thaw quality and reproductive performance of rabbit semen. Pooled semen samples (n = 6) were divided into two subsamples and cooled at 5°C for 45 or 90 min. After cooling, the semen samples were diluted to a ratio of 1:1 (v:v) with a freezing extender composed of Tris‐citrate‐glucose (TCG) containing 16% of dimethylsulfoxide and 0.1 mol/L sucrose. The semen was subsequently loaded in 0.25 ml straws, equilibrated at 5°C and frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. After thawing, sperm motility, viability, osmotic resistance, acrosome and DNA integrity were assessed. Our results indicate that the longer cooling time, that is, 90 min before cryopreservation significantly improves sperm post‐thaw viability, motility and fertility. In fact, reproductive performances obtained with semen frozen after a 90 min cooling time were similar to those produced by fresh semen insemination. Hence, the present research provides an effective freezing protocol for rabbit semen that will allow for the creation of a sperm cryobank for the conservation of Italian rabbit genetic resources, as well as the use of frozen semen doses in commercial farms.  相似文献   
8.
9.
旨在研究AMPK激活剂二甲双胍(metformin,Met)和阿卡地新(acadesine,AICAR)对绵羊精液冷冻保存效果的影响。本研究首先在冷冻基础稀释液中分别添加不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400、500 μmol·L-1)的Met和AICAR,冷冻解冻后根据精子活力、运动性能和结构完整性指标筛选出最佳的添加浓度(400 μmol·L-1 Met、200 μmol·L-1 AICAR);然后分别使用不同的冷冻稀释液(对照组:稀释液;Met组:含400 μmol·L-1 Met的稀释液;AICAR组:含200 μmol·L-1 AICAR的稀释液)冷冻精液,解冻后检测精子中AMPK蛋白表达、顶体酶活性、代谢指标、线粒体功能以及抗氧化酶活性。结果表明,稀释液中添加400 μmol·L-1 Met和200 μmol·L-1AICAR均可显著提高解冻后精子活力、运动性能及精子结构完整性(P<0.05),其中400 μmol·L-1 Met组精子总活力达43.20%,顶体完整率为91%,质膜完整率为46%。与对照组相比,Met组和AICAR组解冻后精子中AMPK磷酸化水平显著升高(P<0.05);顶体酶活性显著提高(P<0.05);丙酮酸水平显著下降(P<0.05),乳酸脱氢酶活性、乳酸以及ATP含量均显著升高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,Met和AICAR组稀释液更有利于维持线粒体膜电位(P<0.05),提高ATP酶(P<0.05)以及抗氧化酶的活性(P<0.05)。添加适当浓度的AMPK激活剂可以提高绵羊精液冷冻保存的效果。  相似文献   
10.
Protein kinase A plays a central role in the regulation of sperm motility from echinoderms to mammals, but the information about its regulatory role in molluscs is very limited. In this study, a protein kinase A catalytic subunit (designated as HdPKA‐C) was identified from Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. The open reading frame of HdPKA‐C was of 1,077 bp, encoding a peptide of 358 amino acids with a typical protein kinase domain. HdPKA‐C shared 82%–87% sequence similarities with other PKA‐Cs, and it was clustered first with gastropod PKA‐Cs in the phylogenetic tree. The mRNA of HdPKA‐C was constitutively expressed in examined tissues, with the highest level detected in hepatopancreas. The phosphorylated form of HdPKA‐C (p‐HdPKA‐C) was localized at the acrosome, connecting piece and flagellum of spermatozoa with variable intensity. Its phosphorylated substrates were also detected in these regions with much lower intensity at the connecting piece. The inhibition of HdPKA‐C activity with H‐89 led to a significant reduction in the percentage of motile sperm and sperm velocities. p‐HdPKA‐C was detected by Western blot in strip‐spawned sperm, naturally spawned sperm and H‐89‐treated sperm with almost the same intensity. The intensity of p‐HdPKA‐C substrates in naturally spawned sperm was higher than that in strip‐spawned sperm, and it was roughly the same as that in H‐89‐treated sperm except for two bands at 50 and 60 kDa. These results collectively indicated that HdPKA‐C played an important role in the regulation of abalone sperm motility by altering its substrates phosphorylation.  相似文献   
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