基于准静态同轴探头模型的土壤复介电测量方法

末端开路同轴探头法测量土壤复介电值用于表征土壤含水率具有准确、快捷的优点。针对目前土壤介电同轴探头集总测量模型没有充分考虑探头的参数以及土壤体积对测量结果影响等问题，基于电磁场理论，对末端开路同轴探头建立了准静态数学模型，适用于土壤的复介电常数准确测量。通过全波软件仿真和模型计算结果对比，以无水乙醇介电实测值和理论值对比，验证模型的准确性。采用本文介电测量模型对不同含水率的黄绵土进行测量计算，复介电常数实部与实测土壤含水率二阶多项式拟合决定系数大于0.965，表明本文所提土壤介电测量方法适用于土壤复介电常数和含水率的测量。     

Effects of Large Saddle Panels on the Biomechanics of the Equine Back During Rising Trot: Preliminary Results

The saddle panels, directly in contact with the horse's back, are likely an important element to optimize the fitting of the saddle, the comfort of the horse, and subsequently, the pain management in dorsalgic horses. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of the saddle panels on the horse's back, by evaluating a prototype saddle (comfort panels: CP) compared to a standard saddle (STD). The horse's back movements were measured using inertial measurement units (IMUs) fixed at the levels of thoracic vertebrae T6, T12, T16 (under the saddle) and lumbar vertebrae L2 and L5. The centers of mass (COMs) of the horse and the rider and limb's protraction-retraction angles, pressure between saddle and horse's back, and force on the stirrups were measured using respectively 2D motion capture, pressure mat and force sensors in the stirrup leather. Three horses were trotted at the rising trot (sitting: left diagonal-rider seated; standing: right diagonal-rider standing) by the same rider. To compare saddles, linear mixed-effects regression models were used. The estimated means (SE) were calculated. During sitting phase, pressure in the cranial and middle areas of the saddle significantly increased for CP compared to STD (+0.9 (0.2) kPa and +1.0 (0.1) kPa, respectively) whereas caudal pressure decreased (−1.8 (0.4) kPa). Concurrently, the range of motion of angles T12-T16 and T16-L2 under the saddle significantly increased (+1.8 (0.2)° and +2.3 (0.3)°, respectively). The results showed that modifications of the panels' shape not only affect the pressure distribution but also the kinematics of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the equine back.     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

土壤游离氧化铁高光谱特征与定量反演

【目的】建立基于可见-近红外光谱的土壤游离铁精确预测模型,简单、快速、经济地预测土壤游离铁,有助于研究土壤发生和分类。【方法】采集广西壮族自治区的铁铝土、富铁土、淋溶土和雏形土等82个旱地土壤剖面的B层土壤,进行室内土壤化学分析、光谱测定,分析不同光谱变换后的光谱反射率与土壤游离铁含量的相关性。基于特征波段利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)法建立土壤游离铁含量光谱预测模型,通过决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和相对预测偏差(PRD)确定最优模型。【结果】土壤光谱曲线分别在457、800和900 nm波段附近有明显的游离铁吸收和反射峰特征;土壤游离铁含量与原始光谱反射率呈负相关;原始光谱经过微分变换后,游离铁含量与光谱反射率相关性显著提高;基于400～580和760～1 300 nm特征波段和一阶微分光谱变换的SMLR模型预测精度最高,其验证集的R2和RPD分别为0.85和2.62,RMSE为8.41 g·kg~(-1)。【结论】将可见近红外光谱技术应用于土壤游离铁含量高效快速地预测具有良好的可行性。广西旱地土壤光谱反射率与土壤游离铁含量具有高度的相关性,应用逐步多元线性回归方法可以很好地建立土壤游离铁含量反演模型。     

基于无人机成像高光谱影像的冬小麦LAI估测

利用无人机Cubert UHD185 Firefly成像光谱仪和ASD光谱仪获取了冬小麦挑旗期、开花期和灌浆期的成像和非成像高光谱以及LAI数据。首先,对比ASD与UHD185光谱仪数据光谱反射率,评价两者精度;然后,选取7个光谱参数,分析其与冬小麦3个生育期LAI的相关性,并使用线性回归和指数回归挑选出最佳估测参数;最后利用多元线性回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络和支持向量机构建了冬小麦3个不同生育期LAI的估测模型。结果表明:UHD185光谱仪光谱反射率在红边区域与ASD光谱仪趋势一致性很高,反射率在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的R^2分别为0.9959、0.9990和0.9968,UHD185光谱仪数据精度较高;7种光谱参数在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期与LAI相关性最高的参数分别是NDVI(r=0.738)、SR(r=0.819)、NDVI×SR(r=0.835);LAI-MLR为冬小麦LAI的最佳估测模型,其中开花期拟合性最好,精度最高(建模R^2=0.6788、RMSE为0.69、NRMSE为19.79%,验证R^2=0.8462、RMSE为0.47、NRMSE为16.04%)。     

基于微流控和比色光谱法的水产养殖海水氨氮含量检测

为实时、准确地获取水产养殖海水中氨氮含量，以大围网养殖海水中的氨氮为研究对象，在比色光谱法基础上结合微流控技术进行靛酚蓝法比色反应，实现对溶液中氨氮含量的定量检测。建立数据处理后相应的模型，并且对比了不同光谱预处理和不同样本集划分算法对建立预测模型的影响，其中多元散色校正（MSC）后再使用小波平滑的预处理方法结合排序法划分样本集建立的偏最小二乘（PLS）回归模型效果最优，建模集校正标准差（RMSEC）和预测集校正标准差（RMSEP）分别为0.0566mg/L和0.0677mg/L，相对分析误差（RPD）为6.8932；在优化条件下测得方法的线性范围和检测限分别为0.005~1.350mg/L和0.0036mg/L。对海水、自来水和养殖水体进行加标回收实验，平均回收率在94%~109%之间，相对标准偏差在2.3%~5.8%之间。结果表明，实验建模效果良好，操作简单、方便，实验快速、可靠、无污染，表明利用比色光谱法结合微流控技术检测氨氮方法可行。     

基于NRC模型下不同程度热处理豆渣的营养价值与分子结构功能团特征的相关关系

本试验旨在研究基于NRC模型下不同程度热处理豆渣的营养价值与分子结构功能团特征的相关关系。利用烘箱对豆渣进行不同温度(100、115、130℃)下不同时间(2、4、6 h)的热处理,采用NRC(2001)模型预测不同程度热处理豆渣的代谢蛋白质产量、可消化养分含量和能值,同时利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术分析不同程度热处理豆渣的分子结构功能团特征,并分析它们之间的相关关系。结果表明:1)随着温度的升高以及加热时间的延长,豆渣的代谢蛋白质产量、可消化养分含量和能值呈现出降低的趋势。2)温度和时间对豆渣的分子结构功能团存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。3)酰胺Ⅰ带与结构性碳水化合物峰面积比值(AmideⅠ_STCHO)和酰胺Ⅰ带与总碳水化合物峰面积比值(AmideⅠ_CHO)可以共同作为预测因子估测瘤胃可降解蛋白质(R^2=0.35,P<0.05)、过瘤胃蛋白质(R^2=0.35,P<0.05)、小肠可吸收过瘤胃蛋白质(R^2=0.33,P<0.05)和瘤胃可降解蛋白质可合成菌体蛋白质(R^2=0.35,P<0.05)含量。综上所述,不同程度热处理豆渣的分子结构功能团与其代谢蛋白质产量、可消化养分含量和能值之间存在相关关系,初步证明可以利用分子结构功能团对热处理豆渣的营养价值进行快速分析和估测。     

Intra- and interobserver assessments of intestinal wall thickness and segmentations from transverse sections of feline abdominal ultrasound images

Measurements of intestinal wall thicknesses from ultrasound imaging (US) are routinely used to support diagnoses of intestinal disorders in cats, however published studies describing observer agreement are currently lacking. The aim of this retrospective, observer agreement study was to quantify inter- and intraobserver repeatability and agreement in the measurement of intestinal wall layer thicknesses and the segmentation of transverse sections of small intestines in US images of 20 cats. Intestinal wall layer thickness measurements of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa layer, and total thickness of these layers were performed on five cats with small cell epitheliotropic lymphoma, five with inflammatory bowel disease, and 10 with other conditions. Thickness measurements and the segmentation encompassing the serosa layer were obtained from five observers four times non-sequentially. The average standard deviation in thickness measurements (95% confidence interval) in the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa, and total thickness were 0.35 (0.07–0.95), 0.24 (0.07-0.52), 0.22 (0.06-0.49), 0.20 (0.05-0.49), and 0.57 (0.11-1.60) mm, respectively. The average intraclass correlation coefficients, which estimates the degree of consistency in thickness measurements and segmentation areas for each observer, ranged from 0.355 to 0.870 and 0.850 to 0.993, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient, which estimates the degree of consistency when measuring a thickness or segmentation area over all observers ranged from 0.115 to 0.753, and 0.811 to 0.902, respectively. The overall average Dice Coefficient, which estimates the extent of overlap of the segmentations for all observers was 0.957 (0.933 to 0.972). Our results suggest segmentations of small intestines have a higher interobserver agreement than measurements of intestinal wall thicknesses.     

基于原野服务器的远程树木直径测定的研究

以卫星遥感为主的资源环境监测,由于受云层分辨率等限制,一直以来其应用重点主要在"监"上,本文介绍一种近年来刚刚兴起的能够进行远程监、控、测集网络与传感器于一身的结合体--原野服务器.首先对其定义、种类、外业设置及远程监控操作做了简单的介绍,然后尝试利用原野服务器传回的图像,通过立体视觉技术重建远隔地树木的胸径,得到了较为满意的结果,从而实现了不到现地便能够测量直径的目的.