吕梁山地区植被物候变化及对气候的响应

吕梁山地区地形垂直差异明显,植被对气候变化反应敏感,研究吕梁山地区植被物候变化,探索植被物候变化与气候的响应关系,旨在为高海拔山区植被物候研究和生态治理提供借鉴。基于2000—2015年MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,通过动态阈值法提取吕梁山地区的植被物候,对气温、降水进行空间插值,并对植被2个关键物候期与气候因素进行偏相关分析。结果表明：（1）植被生长季开始日期(the start of the growing season,SOS)提前的区域约占85.7%,其中16.2%显著提前;植被生长季结束日期(the end of the growing season,EOS)推迟的区域约占90.6%,其中33.3%显著推迟。（2）区内74.8%、87.7%植被SOS分别与气温、降水呈负相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被SOS提前。植被SOS在高海拔山区受4月气温影响显著,而低海拔地区受4月降水影响显著。（3）区内72.6%、65.1%植被EOS分别与气温、降水呈正相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被EOS推迟。植被EOS在北部和西部地区受11月气温影响显著,而高海拔地区受9月降水影响显著。2000—2015年吕梁山地区植被物候发生显著变化,各地区对气温、降水的响应不同,研究结果可为区域物候、气候变化研究和陆地生态治理提供科学依据。     

Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of growth period traits and plant height traits in soybean recombinant inbred lines from Dongnong 47 × PI 317334-B

High and stable yield is the main goal of soybean genetic improvement. In this study, association analysis was used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the plant height, and soybean growth period using 182 SSR markers in the RIL population of 136 F_4:8 lines, which developed from a cross between photoperiod-insensitive cultivar ‘Dongnong 47’ and photoperiod-sensitive variety PI317334–B. The results showed that 33 QTLs related to soybean growth period and plant height traits were detected by compound interval mapping, and were located on 12 linkage groups including N, C1, C2, J, D1a, B2, E, G, A2, O, L, I, with the contribution rate of 7.85–33.84%. These QTL loci and linkage markers related to soybean photoperiod sensitivity, would be helpful to identify key genes that control soybean photoperiod sensitivity, and provide an important basis for the breeding of new photoperiod-insensitive soybean varieties based on molecular design breeding.     

基于PID直流电机驱动的移动式采摘机器人设计

为了提高移动式采摘机器人的控制效率和移动精度,将直流电机驱动电路引入到采摘机器人移动控制系统的设计中,并采用PID算法对移动速度进行调节,从而避免采摘机器人在移动过程中产生较大的速度波动,提高其作业时的平稳性。为了验证PID算法在采摘机器人移动控制系统上使用的可行性,模拟葡萄采摘机器人的作业环境,对采摘机器人移动过程的速度控制进行了仿真模拟,结果表明:达到速度预定目标时,PID算法比常规算法具有更快的响应速度,调节过程也更加平稳。     

Response of Leek (Allium porrum L.) to Different Irrigation Water Levels Under Rain Shelter

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different water levels on water-use efficiency, yield and growth parameters of leek (Allium porrum L.) and was carried out in the practical research field of Ondokuz May?s University in Turkey. Different irrigation water levels were based on the weight changes of each pot and included 5 irrigation treatments [25% (I₂₅), 50% (I₅₀), 75% (I₇₅), 100% (I₁₀₀) and 118% (I₁₁₈) times of consumed water]. Decreases in irrigation water resulted in decreases in plant height, stem diameter, leaf and stem fresh weights, leaf and stem dry weights and leaf area, but did not significantly affect leaf number or chlorophyll content. A yield-response factor of 1.26 was obtained, implying that the leek crop was sensitive to water stress caused by deficit irrigation. Comprehensive analysis of yield, water use efficiency, and evapotranspiration, the I₇₅ treatment can be suggested for leek production in water-scarce regions.     

Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress

Drought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.     

伊犁绢蒿种子黏液提取工艺及对畜禽粪便污水的净化效果

伊犁绢蒿种子遇水能分泌黏液，黏液物质具有良好的保水性、成膜性、增稠性和分散性，可作为新的天然絮凝剂应用于污水处理中。该文就影响黏液提取率的3个因素提取时间、液料比、提取温度进行探讨，同时用所提取的种子黏液对牛、猪粪便污水进行处理。响应面法结果表明，绢蒿种子黏液在该试验条件下的最高提取率为16.76%，提取条件为：提取时间3 h、液料比60∶1、提取温度64 ℃；畜禽粪便废水处理试验表明，牛粪便废水处理在黏液投加量为50 mg/L时，絮凝率为28%和COD去除率为32.7%；pH值等于6时，絮凝率为46%，COD去除率为44.6%。明矾的联合使用对絮凝有显著的效果，絮凝率和COD去除率最大分别为72.3%和61.3%。猪粪便处理过程中，在黏液投加量为20 mg/L时，絮凝率为30.9%，COD去除率为32.7%，在pH值为7时，絮凝率为29.3%，COD去除率为50%，明矾的联合使用下，絮凝率和COD去除率最大分别为62.6%和68.3%，达到了预想的处理效果。研究可为伊犁绢蒿种质资源在畜禽粪便污水处理方面的开发应用提供参考。     

不同水氮条件对东北寒地黑土直播稻光响应特征的影响

为了揭示寒地黑土直播稻在不同灌水方式和施氮水平下功能叶片光响应特征,以测坑试验水直播水稻为研究对象,采用全面试验方法,设灌水方式和施氮量2个因素,针对水稻分蘖期和抽穗开花期开展了不同水肥条件下直播水稻叶片光响应特征的研究。结果表明:随氮肥施用量的增加,直播稻功能叶片的光响应曲线上升,光强高于600μmol/(m~2·s)时,不同施氮量处理的光响应曲线间距变大。运用非直角双曲线模型建立水稻叶片光合光响应曲线的拟合,得出不同水氮处理下直播水稻叶片的光响应特征参数,结果显示,随着施氮量的增加,最大净光合速率Pnmax、表观量子效率α和光饱和点LSP上升,光补偿点LCP下降;而同施氮量条件下,控制灌溉处理的Pnmax、α和LSP高于淹灌处理,LCP低于淹灌处理。因此,在0~135kg/hm~2的范围内增加施氮量和控制灌溉有助于提升直播稻功能叶片光合作用能力,提高其对光能的利用率和对强光及弱光的适应能力,有效改善叶片光响应特征,提高水稻产量,所以在进行直播水稻栽培研究时,要充分考虑不同水肥条件对其光响应特征的影响。     

割前摘脱收获机立式离心分离复脱清选装置优化

针对水稻割前摘脱脱出物草谷比低和处理量大的特点,为提高谷物脱出物的处理能力,设计了一种可循环喂入的立式离心分离复脱清选装置并对其进行了响应面优化试验。以喂入速度和螺旋输送器转速为影响因素,以分离率、复脱率和破碎率为试验指标,通过二次正交旋转中心组合试验得到了其性能指标和工作参数的响应曲面模型。利用Design-Expert软件分析各参数对性能指标的交互作用可知,输送器转速对分离率、复脱率和破碎率的影响较大,而喂入速度则较小。通过多目标优化,得到最佳工作参数:输送器转速541.4 r/min、喂入量1.226 kg/s;在该参数组合下的期望结果:分离率为90.4%、复脱率为66.1%、破碎率为0.77%;在该参数组合下的验证性试验结果:分离率为89.4%、复脱率为65.2%、破碎率为0.83%。结果表明立式离心分离复脱清选装置处理效率高,谷物损伤小,能够适应对割前摘脱脱出物的处理要求。     

盐胁迫下3种海滨植物形态和生理响应特征及耐盐性差异

[目的] 研究盐胁迫条件下3种海滨植物的生理生态动态响应特征及其耐盐性差异，为盐碱地绿化树种筛选提供科学依据。[方法] 以2年生中山杉、小叶榕和海滨木槿幼苗为材料进行为期56 d的盆栽试验，设置3个盐分梯度对其生长和形态、抗氧化酶系统以及渗透调节系统等指标的动态变化特征进行比较，并通过主成分分析来明确3种植物在耐盐性上的差异。[结果] 短期盐胁迫（14 d）对3种植物存活率、叶形和叶色影响较小，但长期盐胁迫（56 d）对小叶榕产生较大影响，盐胁迫下3种植物固定枝条相对生长率动态特征差异明显。3种植物叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随着盐处理时间增加而呈现降低趋势，过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性先增加后降低，丙二醛（MDA）含量呈现总体降低趋势。盐胁迫下3种植物叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈现先减少后增加的趋势，叶片相对电导率则随着盐浓度增加而显著提高。盐处理时间和物种的交互作用对SOD和POD活性以及MDA含量有显著影响，3种植物耐盐性主成分有明显差异，表明它们不同的耐盐响应特征。[结论] 3种植物的生态生理响应特征表明盐处理对小叶榕影响最大，中山杉次之，对海滨木槿影响最小，因此海滨木槿和中山杉有优先作为我国东部沿海地区盐碱地绿化树种的潜力。