Effect of Heat Stress on Grain Growth, Starch Synthesis and Protein Synthesis in Grains of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties Differing in Grain Weight Stability

The effect of heat stress on the components of grain weight was analysed in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in grain weight stability. The wheat varieties PBW154, Sonalika and Hindi62 were raised in the field (New Delhi, India; 77°12' E, 28°40' N, 228.6 m a.s.l.) at three dates of sowing: 19 November 1992 (DOS I), 14 December 1992 (DOS II) and 18 January 1993 (DOS III). The late-sown crop (DOS III) experienced 6–8 °C warmer temperatures during grain development than the crop sown at the normal time (DOS I). The heat susceptibility index (S) revealed that grain weight was less susceptible to heat in Sonalika and PBW154 than in Hindi62. Heat stress reduced both the grain growth duration (GGD) and the grain growth rate (GGR). The grain weight reduction in PBW154 and Sonalika was mainly due to a reduction in GGR, while that of Hindi62 was due to a reduction in GGD. In vivo studies on starch and protein synthesis in excised endosperm at 15, 25 and 35 °C revealed that both processes were more thermotolerant in Hindi62 than in PBW154. The grain starch content was stable in Hindi62 while that in PBW154 was significantly reduced under heat stress. The grain nitrogen content at maturity increased in both varieties under heat stress. It was concluded that the heat susceptibility of grain weight in Hindi62 was mainly due to a reduction in GGD, although GGR, starch and protein synthesis were more thermotolerant in developing grains of Hindi62 than in those of PBW154.     

Physiological Basis of Irrigation Scheduling for Seed Production in Egyptian Clover Syn. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop

A field experiment was conducted to find out the critical physiological stages of irrigation schedules inducing better growth, physiological efficiency and seed yield potential of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L., Var. S-99-1). For this purpose eight irrigation treatments were made comprised of four treatments of three irrigation (W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄), three treatments of four irrigation (W₅, W₇ and W₈) and one treatment of five irrigation (W₆) at various physiological stages i. e. regeneration, flower initiation, full bloom, seed initiation and advance seed development stage.
Thus based on the experimental results the physiological role of watering in berseem seed production could be discussed as:
With-holding of irrigation either at regeneration or at full bloom stage developed potential water stress in plants as indicated by high proline content of irrigation treatments — W₄, W₁ and W₇; and further brought out disturbance on the formation of carotene, synthesis of water soluble sugar and translocation of sugar towards reproductive organs during grain development stage. These stresses adversely affected the plant growth and flowering behaviour. The irrigation at seed initiation stage increased the seed yield. Continuous irrigation did not appear to be useful. Thus it can be concluded that irrigation at three critical physiological stages i. e. regeneration, full bloom and seed initiation was found to be essential for obtaining potential seed yield of berseem.     

马铃薯块茎淀粉组分高效检测体系的建立及应用

马铃薯块茎淀粉组分(直链/支链淀粉比AM/AP)影响淀粉特性以及决定其在食品和其他工业上的应用。AM/AP的测定对其合理利用以及选育特异淀粉组分的专用品种等具有重要意义。采用96孔板双波长法对马铃薯不同AM/AP比率标准样品进行测试,发现当测试样品AM/AP比率超过制作标准曲线的AM/AP比率(33.3%)时,测试结果明显高估直链淀粉含量。基于96孔板的碘染分析,建立了马铃薯AM/AP比率和最大吸收峰下波长的标准曲线:y=601.88x^0.0215,R²=0.9999。该方法进一步提高了测试准确度和应用范围。利用该方法测试了198个马铃薯品种(系)以及高直链淀粉组分的转基因块茎,明确了收集的马铃薯品种(系)的直链淀粉组成范围为17.4%～33.3%。新建立的马铃薯淀粉组分测试方法为高效准确筛选遗传育种材料以及改良淀粉组分株系提供了方便。     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

施钾改善木薯农艺性状及淀粉组分

以2个木薯品种’SC205’和’SC124’为研究对象,设置不施钾(K0,K2O 0 kg/hm²)、低钾(K50,K2O 50 kg/hm²)、中钾(K100,K2O 100 kg/hm²)和高钾(K200,K2O 200 kg/hm²)4个施钾量处理,测定收获期木薯的农艺性状、鲜薯产量及其构成指标、可溶性糖组分含量、淀粉组分含量等指标。结果表明:(1)与不施钾相比,施钾量达100kg/hm²以上时,能显著提高木薯株高、茎径、单条薯重;施钾量达50 kg/hm²以上时,能显著提高鲜薯产量,其中’SC205’和’SC124’的鲜薯产量增幅分别达59.2%～131.7%和51.4%～127.9%,在施钾量(K₂O)为100 kg/hm²时鲜薯产量达到最大值;(2)施钾量对不同组织可溶性糖组分含量及总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量均有显著影响;品种与施钾量间交互作用对蔗糖含量具有显著影响,对其他可溶性糖组分及淀粉各组分均无显...     

4种植物叶片浸提液成分分析及其对珊瑚樱种子萌发的影响

模拟自然环境下的化感作用,选取珊瑚樱和同一生境下生长的其他3种有毒植物叶片为材料,采用室内监测法,应用蒽酮比色法、气相色谱−质谱联用技术测定浸提液可溶性糖含量和乙酸乙酯萃取物组成成分,分析不同浓度珊瑚樱、常春藤、野蓟和飞机草叶片水浸提液对珊瑚樱种子萌发的影响。结果表明：不同浓度的4种植物浸提液处理对珊瑚樱种子萌发具抑制作用,均降低珊瑚樱种子的各项萌发指标,以0.2 g/mL常春藤水浸提液化感抑制效应最大为−20.52,综合发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数与CK差异显著;不同浓度的4种植物浸提液可溶性糖含量均随浸提液浓度的增加而升高,0.2 g/mL常春藤水浸提液可溶性糖含量最高为（1.53 ± 0.02）mg/g,随着可溶性糖含量增加,其对种子萌发抑制效果越明显。以新植二烯为主的烯烃类物质是珊瑚樱和常春藤的优势组分,分别占总量的37.94%、78.7%;以大牛儿烯D为主的烯烃类物质是野蓟的优势组分,占总量的52.94%;以5−异亚丙基−4,6−二甲基−3,6,8−壬三烯−2−醇为主的醇类物质是飞机草浸提液的优势组分,占总量的63.28%。4种有毒植物水浸提液随浓度的增加其抑制作用增强,相关性分析表明可溶性糖是浸提液中抑制珊瑚樱种子萌发的主要因素。     

玉米粗淀粉加酶挤压参数对抗性淀粉含量的影响

玉米粗淀粉是制作淀粉糖浆的主要原料之一,为探求玉米粗淀粉通过加酶挤压使玉米淀粉糖浆的DE和出品率增加、过滤速度加快、糖化时间缩短的原因,通过试验,用二次正交旋转组合试验设计安排试验,研究挤压蒸煮参数(套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速、膨化中加酶量)对玉米粗淀粉中抗性淀粉含量的影响规律,得出通过挤压蒸煮技术可以使玉米粗淀粉中的抗性淀粉降低约4.5%,从而提高淀粉利用率。     

玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料的制备及性能研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,与丙烯酸发生接枝共聚反应,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,制得玉米淀粉/聚丙烯酸钠高保水复合材料;通过干燥粉碎,进行性能测定,研究引发剂添加量、玉米淀粉添加量、丙烯酸和NaOH的中和度和交联剂添加量等因素对吸水倍率和耐盐倍率的影响。结果表明:在丙烯酸单体为50.00 g时,玉米淀粉添加量为10.00 g,引发剂添加量为0.15 g,交联剂添加量为0.02 g,中和度为90%时,生成的高保水材料性能最好,吸水倍率可达到240倍左右,耐盐倍率达到40倍左右。