2000年以来中国苹果产业发展趋势分析

对2000年以来我国苹果生产、消费和贸易情况进行分析发现,我国苹果生产区域布局较为稳定,生产高度集中于苹果生产优势区域。苹果生产效率大幅提升,不断满足城乡居民对苹果的消费需求,城乡差距不断缩小,苹果产品贸易顺差进一步扩大。但苹果生产成本利润率显著下降,消费者对苹果品质及营养也提出了更高的要求,苹果生产面临成本、质量等方面的挑战。与此同时,苹果生产中技术服务、农业保险等社会化服务也有了初步发展,未来苹果生产将进一步向高效、优质、社会化发展。     

海参加工业清洁生产评价指标体系的构建

海参加工业是我国北方重要的水产品加工行业之一。近年来,随着市场需求的不断增大,海参加工产品产量逐年增加,海参加工业面临的环境问题日益凸显。为了促进我国海参加工业的清洁生产,保证产业的可持续发展,本研究基于我国清洁生产技术体系及海参加工行业的特点,构建了由生产工艺及装备等6个一级指标和加工工艺等24个二级指标组成的海参加工业清洁生产评价指标体系,并选择两家案例企业进行清洁生产水平的评价。研究结果表明,案例企业的清洁生产水平均为Ⅱ级:国内清洁生产先进水平;通过案例分析结果与企业生产现状的对比,证明本指标体系具有一定的科学性、可操作性和适用性。根据评价结果对两家案例企业提出了改变能源类型、提高废弃物资源利用率的清洁生产改进措施,为我国水产品加工行业的清洁生产提供了借鉴与参考。     

3种水质调控方式下参池沉积物酶活性的比较研究

2015年10月至2016年9月对自然纳潮、微孔曝气、养水机3种水质调控方式下海参池塘沉积物中淀粉酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶的活性进行了跟踪比较研究。研究结果显示,3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中的淀粉酶活性年变化为0.126~0.880 mg/g,年均值(0.410±0.180) mg/g,蛋白酶活性年变化为0.024~0.472 mg/g,年均值(0.190±0.103) mg/g,碱性磷酸酶活性年变化为0.068~1.042 mg/g,年均值(0.340±0.196) mg/g,脱氢酶活性年变化为12.092~52.794 mL/g,年均值(26.980±8.295) mL/g。3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶及脱氢酶活性均在自然纳潮池塘中均值最高,变化幅度最大;淀粉酶活性均值则在自然纳潮池塘中最低,养水机池塘最高,这与养水机池塘有机质最低,自然纳潮池塘最高,养水机池塘沉积物的细菌多样性最高,真菌数量最多有关。表明养水机能够快速去除沉积物中氮、磷有机化合物,有利于池塘的正常物质循环。本研究从沉积物酶活性的角度,探讨了养水机的作用效果与其他两种水质调控方式产生差异的机理。     

中国高粱产业发展特征及趋势分析

高粱是我国重要的杂粮作物。近年来，中美贸易中高粱交易量剧烈波动，高粱供需形势发生显著变化，高粱产业发展备受关注。从中国高粱的生产特征、贸易特征、消费特征等方面入手，对1960-2018年国内高粱产业发展趋势及发展现状进行分析。研究发现，中国高粱从主要粮食作物转变为小杂粮，近年来种植面积略有提高；国内高粱消费主要用于酿酒和饲料，虽然中国是世界第三大高粱消费国，但人均消费水平并不高；目前，中国作为世界第一大高粱进口国，进口量受饲料高粱需求影响猛增猛减，出口量极小且相对稳定。未来，中国高粱的发展规模将保持相对稳定，新的增长空间主要取决于旱作粮食作物的发展和消费途径的拓展。     

Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls

1. Few reports exist that describe marine non‐native species in the Southern Ocean and near‐shore waters around the Antarctic continent. Nevertheless, Antarctica's isolated marine communities, which show high levels of endemism, may be vulnerable to invasion by anthropogenically introduced species from outside Antarctica via vessel hull biofouling.
2. Hull surveys of the British Antarctic Survey's RRS James Clark Ross were undertaken between 2007 and 2014 at Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula (Lat. 67°34'S; Long. 68°07'W) to investigate levels of biofouling. In each case, following transit through scouring sea‐ice, over 99% of the vessel hull was free of macroscopic fouling communities. However, in some surveys microbial/algal biofilms, balanomorph barnacles and live individuals of the cosmopolitan pelagic barnacle, Conchoderma auritum were found in the vicinity of intake ports, demonstrating the potential for non‐native species to be transported to Antarctica on vessel hulls.
3. Increasing ship traffic volumes and declining duration of sea ice in waters to the north and west of the Antarctic Peninsula mean the region may be at increased risk of non‐native species introductions. Locations at particular risk may include the waters around popular visitor sites, such as Goudier Island, Neko Harbour, Whalers Bay, Cuverville Island and Half Moon Island, and around northern peninsula research stations.
4. Simple and cost‐effective mitigation measures, such as intentionally moving transiting ships briefly through available offshore sea ice to scour off accessible biofouling communities, may substantially reduce hull‐borne propagule pressure to the region. Better quantification of the risk of marine non‐native species introductions posed by vessel hulls to both Arctic and Antarctic environments, as sea ice patterns and shipping traffic volumes change, will inform the development of appropriate regional and international management responses.

Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Cloning and expression analysis of innate immune genes from red sea bream to assess different susceptibility to megalocytivirus infection

As suggested by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), fishes belonging to the genus Oplegnathus are more sensitive to megalocytivirus infection than other fish species including red sea bream (Pagrus major). To assess the roles of the innate immune response to these different susceptibilities, we cloned the genes encoding inflammatory factors including IL‐8 and COX‐2, and the antiviral factor like Mx from red sea bream for the first time and performed phylogenetic and structural analysis. Analysed expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8 and COX‐2 and the antiviral factor like Mx genes performed with in vivo challenge experiment showed no difference in inflammatory gene expression or respiratory burst activity between red sea bream and rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). However, the Mx gene expression levels in red sea bream were markedly higher than those in rock bream, suggesting the importance of type I interferon (IFN)‐induced proteins, particularly Mx, during megalocytivirus infection, rather than inflammation‐related genes. The in vitro challenge experiments using embryonic primary cultures derived from both fish species showed no difference in cytopathic effects (CPE), viral replication profiles, and inflammatory and Mx gene expression pattern between the two fish species.     

Conservation needs for the endangered New Zealand sea lion,Phocarctos hookeri

1. Understanding population size and trend is critical information in species management and conservation. To enable accurate population trend estimates, consistent robust monitoring of a species is essential, particularly for a species such as the New Zealand (NZ) sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri , which has experienced an almost continuous decline in pup production since the late 1990s.
2. This research examines the pup production estimates for all known breeding sites for this species, and using a stage‐structured matrix population model, estimates population size and trend between 1995 and 2015.
3. Overall, it is estimated that 2,316 pups were born in 2015, a decrease of 13% since 1995 and a 27% decline since the highest pup production estimate in 1998. This decline has been driven by the significant decline of 48% at the main breeding area, the Auckland Islands since 1998.
4. Using the stage‐structured matrix population model a total species population size of 11,767 sea lions (95% CrI: 10,790–12,923) was estimated. This is the lowest population size of any sea lion species. Trend data for the Auckland Islands indicated that pup and population numbers have decreased at 1.9% yr^?1 in the last 20 yr, while total species population decline is 0.6% yr^?1.
5. Estimates of population trends for this species have been hindered by inconsistent monitoring at most breeding sites. This study strengthens the growing field of research highlighting the need for consistent long‐term monitoring for the conservation management of endangered species.

     

农业大数据的发展现状与发展趋势

介绍了农业大数据的概念和发展现状,阐述了农业大数据理论在农业中的主要应用,分析了农业大数据发展过程中存在的问题,并预测了农业大数据的发展趋势。     

基于大型渔业平台的深远海渔业发展现状与思考

基于渔业产业现状,分析国内外在大型渔业平台、深海网箱和养殖工船方面的发展现状,提出“游弋式”养殖工船及深远海渔业的基本概念。受限于投资成本、技术发展水平等客观因素,中国深远海养殖发展速度缓慢,但近年来取得了一定的发展成效。笔者针对现阶段渔业粗放型生产方式的现状,从国家战略、渔业改革和产业需求等角度分析深远海渔业发展的必要性,认为发展以养殖工船为代表的深远海大型渔业平台是实现渔业强国之路的有效途径之一,走出一条符合中国国情的深远海渔业平台的开发之路势在必行。     

青海省海东市不同等级降水和旱涝关系研究

利用1961～2015年青海省海东市5气象站逐日降水资料,根据中国气象局降水等级划分标准和旱涝Z指数的计算方法,分别统计海东市夏、冬半年不同等级雨量和雨日及计算Z指数,利用线性回归法分析海东市55年来不同等级雨日和雨量和Z指数的变化趋势,并采用偏相关系数、相对贡献率和合成分析等方法研究不同等级雨日和雨量对旱涝的影响。得出以下结论：①海东市夏(冬)半年降水以小雨(雪)和中雨(雪)为主,雨日和雨量及占年比例均呈现自南向北递增的空间分布。②夏半年小雨和大到暴雨的雨量及雨日呈减小趋势,中雨雨量和雨日呈增加趋势,冬半年小雪、中雪和大到暴雪的雨量及雨日均呈减小趋势。③夏、冬半年Z指数均表现为不显著的减小趋势。④夏、冬半年不同等级雨量和雨日与Z指数偏相关系数和相对贡献率分析,夏半年中雨和大到暴雨的雨量及雨日对Z指数有显著的影响,冬半年小雪的雨量和雨日对Z指数变化影响最大。⑤采用合成分析法的标准化值,无论是夏半年还是冬半年,在偏涝年,不同等级降水雨日和雨量基本都为正值,在偏旱年,不同等级降水雨日和雨量基本都为负值。在偏涝年,不同等级降水雨日和雨量差异夏半年主要表现在大到暴雨和中雨雨日及雨量,小雨雨日及雨量差异较小,而冬半年主要表现在小雪雨日及雨量,中雪次之,大到暴雪最小；在偏旱年,不同等级降水雨日和雨量差异夏半年主要表现在中雨雨日及雨量,大到暴雨次之,小雨最小,冬半年主要表现在小雪和中雪雨日及雨量,大到暴雪差异较小。