优化水肥与滴头间距组合对日光温室黄瓜生长及产量的影响

为探究水肥耦合+滴头间距对宁夏旱区日光温室春夏茬黄瓜生长、产量、品质和水肥利用率的影响。通过3因素3水平正交试验,利用Logistic方程模拟黄瓜株高变化规律,分析了各时期生长特点;利用极差分析和方差分析,研究了水肥耦合+滴头间距影响主次顺序、显著性及变化趋势,同时结合模糊数学隶属函数法对产量和品质指标进行综合评价,筛选最优组合。结果表明:①不同处理下黄瓜株高“S”形生长过程可分为渐增期、速生期、缓增期3个阶段,可用Logistic方程拟合,且相关系数均高达0.97;②春夏茬日光温室黄瓜在采摘期前3个月产量稳定,分别占总产30.19%、29.22%、28.58%,后1个月急剧下降,占总产12%;③3因素影响产量的顺序为灌水量>施肥浓度>滴头间距,灌水量影响显著,施肥浓度和滴头间距影响不显著,产量最高处理为TR1,达144361 kg/hm²,比最低处理TR9高44.92%。采用模糊隶属函数进行综合评价,TR2表现最好,平均隶属函数值为0.70。确定因素最优水平组合为:灌水量3040.95 m³/hm²、施肥浓度200倍液(740.55 kg/hm²)、滴头间距20 cm,产量为141077.9 kg/hm²。     

10％乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布及残留消解动态

为探究10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂(有效成分质量分数:5%乙霉威,5%腐霉利)在设施黄瓜上施用后的沉积分布特性及残留消解动态,采用PC-3A(S)型激光粉尘仪及粉尘取样片,分别研究了不同设施类型、不同温湿度及不同施药角度下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布情况;并于2017年和2018年,分别在北京市进行了该药剂在设施黄瓜叶片和果实中的残留及消解动态试验。结果表明:不同设施类型、不同温度条件下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂的沉积分布特性无明显差异,且其有效成分分解率不受温度影响;不同湿度条件下,该微粉剂在黄瓜叶片上的沉积量不同,湿度越大沉积量越多。乙霉威和腐霉利在黄瓜叶片和果实中的消解动态均符合准一级动力学或一级动力学方程,2种药剂在叶片中的半衰期分别为3.2 d和3.0~3.2 d,在果实中的半衰期分别为4.0~4.3 d和3.1~3.8 d。采用10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂,分别按100 g/hm2和150 g/hm2(1.5倍)剂量于黄瓜幼果期施药,最多施药3次,施药间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药间隔7、10和14 d分别采样,乙霉威在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.88 mg/kg,低于中国国家标准规定的其最大残留限量(MRL)值(5 mg/kg),腐霉利在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.49 mg/kg,也低于其MRL值(2 mg/kg)。该研究结果可为10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的安全使用提供数据支持。     

高粱绿肥种植密度对设施黄瓜根系生长相关因子的影响

以设施黄瓜为研究对象,在黄瓜定植前40 d分别播撒240、120、60 kg/hm~2不同密度高粱种子,并于黄瓜定植前将高粱植株作为绿肥翻入土壤,研究其对黄瓜结果期生长指标、根际土壤养分含量以及细菌群落结构变化的影响,探讨其影响黄瓜生长指标、根际养分含量和菌群结构变化的内在机制。试验结果表明:240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高梁绿肥可显著提高黄瓜根际土壤有机质质量比31.66%、碱解氮质量比8.75%、速效磷质量比13.89%、速效钾质量比16.86%、脲酶活性6.85%,显著提高结果期黄瓜茎粗12.83%、根系数15.81%、根总体积24.11%、叶片总面积11.43%、单株结瓜数10.97%、总产量9.81%;240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高粱绿肥可明显提高黄瓜根际土壤中变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门比例而降低酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门比例,明显提高鞘脂单胞菌科、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科、中华杆菌科、生丝微菌科比例而降低Gp6科、Gp16科、Gp4科比例。该处理主要通过降低根际土壤绿弯菌门和提高鞘脂单胞菌科、中华杆菌科比例而提高脲酶活性,通过提高厚壁菌门、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科和降低根际土壤酸杆菌门比例而促进碱解氮质量比、速效磷质量比、茎粗、叶片总面积、根系数、根总体积的提高,最终促进黄瓜生长并提高产量。     

Cucumis metuliferus is resistant to root‐knot nematode Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent isolates and a promising melon rootstock

Pot experiments were carried out to characterize the response of two Cucumis metuliferus accessions (BGV11135 and BGV10762) against Mi1.2 gene (a)virulent Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica isolates and to determine the compatibility and the effect on physicochemical properties of fruit melons. In addition, histopathological studies were conducted. One week after transplanting, plants were inoculated with one J2 cm^?3 of sterilized sand (200 cm³ pots) and maintained in a growth chamber at 25 °C for 40 days. The susceptible cucumber cv. Dasher II or melon cv. Paloma were included for comparison. The number of egg masses and number of eggs per plant were assessed, and the reproduction index (RI) was calculated as the percentage of eggs produced on the C. metuliferus accessions compared to those produced on the susceptible cultivars. The compatibility and fruit quality were assessed by grafting three scions, two of Charentais type and one of type piel de sapo, under commercial greenhouse conditions. The resistance level of both C. metuliferus accessions ranged from highly resistant (RI < 1%) to resistant (1% ≤ RI ≤ 10%) irrespective of Meloidogyne isolates. Melon plants grafted onto C. metuliferus accession BGV11135 grew as self‐grafted plants without negatively impacting fruit quality traits. Giant cells induced by Meloidogyne spp. on C. metuliferus were in general poorly developed compared to those on cucumber. Furthermore, necrotic areas surrounding the nematode were observed. Cucumis metuliferus accession BGV11135 could be a promising melon rootstock to manage Meloidogyne spp., irrespective of their Mi1.2 (a)virulence, without melon fruit quality reduction.     

海参捕捞装置导航中低成本陀螺仪的降噪研究与试验

针对MEMS陀螺仪输出信号中含有的随机漂移噪声造成海参捕捞装置惯性导航精度明显下降的问题,采用时间序列分析法和Kalman滤波算法,对MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移噪声的削减问题进行研究。以MEMS惯性测量单元的实测数据和三维电子罗盘测量的姿态角为样本,对本研究的低成本陀螺仪的降噪效果进行测试,试验结果表明:1)经过降噪处理后的陀螺仪随机漂移信号的方差比陀螺仪原始采样信号的方差降低1个数量级,显著改善了陀螺仪随机漂移数据的精密度;2)以高精度三维电子罗盘实测的姿态角作为参考基准,将降噪后的陀螺仪随机漂移数据导入捷联惯导姿态更新算法程序,在300s时间内,解算出的俯仰角、横滚角和航向角的均方根误差RMSE全部小于1°;与降噪前相比,相应的俯仰角、横滚角、航向角的RMSE分别降低了170.5、97.6和42.5倍,明显提高了惯性导航精度。     

根施5-氨基乙酰丙酸对亚适宜温光下黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

为缓解亚适宜温光环境对黄瓜幼苗生长产生的不利影响,以中农26号为试验材料,研究亚适宜温光下根施不同浓度5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,亚适宜温光下,根施5 mg·L^-1 ALA可以显著提高黄瓜幼苗的全株干重、壮苗指数和根系活力,与对照相比,黄瓜幼苗全株干重和壮苗指数分别提高了32.5%和47.1%,根系活力提高了95.0%。根施5 mg·L^-1 ALA能够显著增加幼苗叶片叶绿素和ALA含量,与对照相比,总叶绿素和ALA的含量分别提高了49.5%和55.7%。根施5 mg·L^-1 ALA黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)分别较对照提高了22.9%和42.2%。根施5 mg·L^-1ALA后,抗氧化酶活性显著提高,叶片和根系的丙二醛(MDA)含量分别比对照降低了35.3%和18.1%。同时,根施适宜浓度的ALA对矿质元素的吸收和运输产生有一定影响,但对叶绿素合成过程中相关基因的表达无明显调控作用。本研究为缓解黄瓜幼苗亚适宜温光伤害提供了新方法,也为ALA在设施农业上的应用提供了技术支持。     

Optimization of the stocking parameters for mud spiny lobster Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793) capture‐based aquaculture in tropical open sea floating net cages

Mud spiny lobsters, Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793), were reared at four different stocking sizes and stocking densities in open sea cages to evaluate their effects on growth performance. To evaluate the effect of stocking size on the growth performance, the lobsters were segregated into four different treatment groups according to size and were stocked at a density of 300 animals per cage. To evaluate the effect of stocking density on the growth performance, lobsters of 81–100 g were stocked in four different stocking densities, i.e. 16/m², 24/m², 32/m² and 40/m². The results showed that the growth rate of (60–80 g) size group, was significantly higher compared to the size groups, i.e. 101–120 g and 121–140 g comprising of larger individuals. The final body weight, though significantly higher in 81–100 g as compared to 60–80 g, the growth performance (i.e. weight gain percentage (WG %) and specific growth rate (SGR)) were not significantly different. The density‐dependent influence on growth performance was evident in this study. The WG % and SGR during 90 days’ culture period was significantly higher in 24/m² compared to other groups. This study provides crucial information about the appropriate stocking density and stocking size of lobsters at the field level, which would help to promote sustainable lobster cage farming by maximizing the production potential of the system.     

Effects of natural feeding stimulants and glutamic acid supplementation on the feed intake,growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed fish meal‐free soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet

Two experiments were conducted for red sea bream (Pagrus major). In experiment 1, the optimum level of glutamic acid and natural feeding stimulants to enhance feed intake were determined and found that glutamic acid level of 0.5% and fish meat hydrolysate (FMH) were effective. In experiment 2, fish were fed with soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet with synthetic feeding stimulants (Basal diet), the Basal diet with FMH (FMH diet), the FMH diet with glutamic acid (FMHG diet) and with fish meal diet (FM diet) as a control until satiation for 8 weeks. Feed intake of FMHG‐fed fish was significantly higher than others (p < 0.05). Specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio of FMHG were comparable to those of FM‐fed fish (p > 0.05). Relative visceral fat ratio and crude lipid content of any SPC‐based diet‐fed fish tended to be lower than those of FM diet‐fed fish. There were no significant differences in trypsin and lipase activities hepatopancreas among treatments. SPC can be utilized as a sole protein source in a diet for red sea bream. The lower growth performance in SPC‐based diet‐ fed fish was not due to poor digestive enzyme secretion but could be associated with lipid utilization disorder.     

基于公海换水的压载水微生物多样性分析

利用高通量测序技术分析了三艘公海交换压载水、一艘近岸交换压载水的远洋船舶微生物的群落组成,共检测出27门、61纲、138目、249科、481属、836种;黄海远岸的压载水样检测到的细菌种类最多,达到564种;东海远岸的压载水样细菌种类最少,只有406种。主要优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占主导地位。假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)为γ-变形菌纲中绝对优势属,分布于各海域压载水样中,同温度和营养盐有一定的正相关性,同盐度、p H有较强的负相关性;蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)是南海远岸交换的压载水样中检测出的优势门类,远高于其它海域压载水样,其所对应的原绿球藻属和浮霉状菌属同环境因子溶解氧(DO)有显著的正相关性,与温度、营养盐呈负相关性;Salinimicrobium是黄海远岸压载水样品独有优势属,与p H和溶解氧呈正相关性,与营养盐呈负相关性;不同海域海洋微生物及其海洋环境对压载水微生物的多样性起决定作用,压载舱独特的环境对压载水微生物有一定的选择作用。依据IMO准则结合本文研究,在公海交换压载水对压载水微生物群落组成结构有很大的影响,且对海洋环境的保护,防止生物入侵和致病菌传播具有重要的作用。     

Carotenoid composition of a New Zealand (Evechinus chloroticus) and an Australian (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) sea urchin in relation to gonad colour

Sea urchins are commercially harvested for their edible gonads, also known as roe or uni. Most species, particularly those from the Northern hemisphere are reported to exhibit limited variation in gonad colour, which is proposed to be due to carotenoid pigments. The commercially harvested species from New Zealand, Evechinus chloroticus, and from Australia, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, however, exhibit considerable gonad colour variation, ranging from a culinary desirable light yellow/orange to an undesirable brown. Gonads from E. chloroticus and H. erythrogramma were characterized spectrophotometrically and the carotenoid content extracted and analysed by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The main carotenoid found in the gonads of both species was 9′‐cis‐echinenone, with lower levels of all‐trans‐echinenone, lutein and isozeaxanthin. Carotenoid composition contributed to the yellow/orange colour components of the gonads, but was not correlated with the darker roe coloration observed in some E. chloroticus individuals. Our results highlight important considerations relating sea urchin gonad coloration to carotenoid content and as such will provide useful information for the future aquaculture and processing of these two species.