低风险疾病情境下农村居民健康信息规避行为研究

[目的/意义]本研究旨在揭示低风险疾病情境下农村居民健康信息规避的程度、策略、成因及其关联。[方法/过程]研究采用理论抽样方法和半结构化访谈法收集了江苏省45位农村居民的相关数据。研究采用开放式编码和主轴编码方法对访谈数据进行分析,同时采用社会网络分析软件对规避策略和成因之间的关系进行可视化展示。[结果/结论]（1）农村居民在低风险疾病情境下存在全面型和选择型两种不同程度的健康信息规避。其中,全面型健康信息规避主要发生在信息需求阶段,具体的规避策略为完全不治疗;而选择型信息规避发生在信息获取阶段,具体的规避策略为自己治疗或者拖延治疗。（2）该情境下农村居民健康信息规避的成因主要包括感知风险、对信息源的信任、健康信息素养水平、文化水平、情绪、经济水平、小世界、时间和医疗资源的可及性。（3）农民健康信息规避的成因与规避策略存在特定的关联。文化水平和医疗资源的可及性只对完全不治疗规避策略有影响;情绪因素只对拖延治疗规避策略有影响;健康信息素养水平只对自己治疗规避策略有影响。该研究可为改善农村居民的健康状况提供指导建议。     

乡村园林景观规划设计研究——以周村生态体验园为例

乡村园林的景观规划设计,为乡村旅游业的发展注入了新的活力,是不可或缺的可持续发展产业中坚力量。设计具有独特人文气息与魅力的生态文化景观是乡村园林景观规划设计急需解决的问题。从景观规划相关理念出发,阐释了乡村园林景观的运行模式和类型,以及景观生态学等原理,提出了设计的原则和方法。以周村生态体验园的景观规划设计为实例,提出了各方详细的设计思路,得出乡村园林景观规划设计策略。乡村园林生态体验园的设计特色,决定了它与周边互相依存的生态关系。在自然环境中渗透景观设计要素,能够很好的传达当地的历史文化传统,塑造乡村旅游特色,为乡村的经济发展提供更加坚强的后盾。研究结果也可为今后乡村园林景观实际项目的可持续发展式规划和设计提供理论基础。     

农村互联网发展对中国玉米全要素生产率的影响

采用DEA-mamlquist指数测算2004—2019年中国17个玉米主产省(区)的全要素生产率,运用联立方程组模型实证检验农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率的影响及其作用机理,并分区域探讨其差异性。结果显示:2004—2019年中国玉米全要素生产率年均增长0.2%,主要依靠技术进步的单轨模式驱动。农村互联网的发展显著(P<0.01)提升玉米全要素生产率,主要依靠技术进步和技术效率的协同作用驱动。分区域来看,农村互联网发展对玉米全要素生产率均具有显著(P<0.01)的促进作用,其影响程度由高到低依次为北方春播玉米区>黄淮海平原夏播玉米区>西北灌溉玉米区>西南山地玉米区。建议进一步提高农村互联网的配套设施建设,发挥互联网“连接经济”的优势,应用多元化互联网技术,促进不同生态类型区玉米生产效率的提升。     

Factor Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of the Fruit Quality of ‘Yangjiaocui’ Melons

【Objective】The aim of this study was to identify the typical indices of fruit quality and high quality materials of ‘Yangjiaocui’ melons to provide reference and basis for melon quality evaluation and breeding. 【Method】Eighteen indices, including economic trait and flesh quality of fruits from 6 cultivars and 26 high-generation inbred lines of ‘Yangjiaocui’ melons were determined. Based on factor analysis, stepwise regression, correlation analysis and two-dimension ordination map, the typical indices of fruit quality and high quality materials were identified. 【Result】 Among the 18 indices, single fruit mass, hardness, vitamin C (V_C) content, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio and solid acid ratio showed greater variability, and the variation coefficients were more than 20%. However, the variability of fruit transverse diameter, flesh thickness rate and pH were relatively lower and the variation coefficients were less than 10%. Three common factors were extracted from economic trait indices with 87.71% cumulative variance contribution rate and the explanatory indices were fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit transverse diameter, fruit shape index, fruit cavity longitudinal diameter, fruit cavity transverse diameter and flesh thickness rate. From quality indices, 4 common factors were extracted with 90.03% cumulative variance contribution rate and the explanatory indices were V_C content, hardness, total soluble solids content, total sugar content, titratable acid content, sugar-acid ratio and solid-acid ratio. Based on the comprehensive analysis of these selected 6 economic trait indices and 7 flesh quality indices, 5 common factors were extracted with 87.35% cumulative variance contribution rate. According to the correlation among the indices and the principle of simplicity and ease of use and avoidance of overlapping information, 5 indices, including fruit longitudinal diameter, flesh thickness rate, hardness, total sugar content and titratable acid content, could be used as typical indices to evaluate the fruit quality of ‘Yangjiaocui’ melons. The comprehensive quality score of all materials were ranked depended on scores and variance contribution rate of the above 5 common factor and two-dimension ordination map. Finally, 10 materials were selected as high quality materials. 【Conclusion】 Fruit longitudinal diameter, flesh thickness rate, hardness, total sugar content and titratable acid content could be used as typical indices to evaluate fruit quality of ‘Yangjiaocui’ melons. Inbred lines 25, 24, 22, 21, 8, 1, 17, 18, 20 and 23 were high quality materials.     

Commuting distances to local non‐farm workplaces and out‐migration: The case of Northeast Thailand

The relationship between commuting distances and where people work has been studied for urban contexts in both developed countries and developing countries. However, few studies have examined the situation in rural areas, and none look at commuting distances to non‐farm workplaces in rural areas of developing countries. This paper investigates how commuting distance, and thus accessibility, to local non‐farm work influences non‐farm employment and out‐migration from rural villages in Northeast Thailand. The main issues examined are: (i) the distance that rural residents travel to work in local non‐farm jobs; and (ii) the influence that local non‐farm employment has on the number of outmigrants from rural villages. The study finds: (i) distance between villages and non‐farm work sites impact the number of villagers who are employed in regular wage work; (ii) beyond 20 km villagers are less likely to travel to non‐farm employment using their own means of transportation; and (iii) employment in regular wage work decreases outmigration. The findings from this study contribute to the debates over the drivers of rural out‐migration, rural livelihood changes, and agrarian changes that are taking place in Southeast Asia.     

基于‘罗氏沼虾’养殖尾水灌溉条件下稻田养分利用效能提升技术研究

为了实现稻田消纳罗氏沼虾养殖尾水过程中水稻稳产及养分利用效率最大化,设置CK（空白对照）、BC（添加生物炭）、TG（添加土壤改良液）、BT（生物炭及土壤改良液分别减半）4个处理,依据养分运移状况及水稻生长指标的比较,筛选适宜材料类型。结果表明,BC、TG及BT的添加对表层土壤(0~10cm)TN累积、土壤(0~25cm)TP累积及养分损失,BC、TG对土壤(0~25cm)TN累积及养分损失均存在正面效应;TG显著促进表层土壤(0~10 cm)NO₃ ^-累积(P<0.05);除BC外,其他材料的养分表聚作用均促使TN、TP向根部运移(P<0.05);BT处理中灌浆期叶绿素含量显著高于TG和CK(P<0.05),材料处理组在第一节间长度均显著低于CK(P<0.05),其余处理间的差异性均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。各处理的理论和实际产量间的差异性均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。综上所述,相较于其他材料,有效截留NO₃ ^-为主氮素养分,提高养殖尾水养分利用率,降低淋洗污染风险;显著控制水稻底部节间生长,降低倒伏风险;且其对水稻生长及产量性状并无显著抑制作用,因而将其作为水稻消纳罗氏沼虾养殖尾水中养分利用效率提升材料具有一定应用潜力。     

农村污水治理PPP项目风险因素分析--基于ISM-MICMAC模型

当前我国在探索将PPP模式应用于农村污水治理领域时面临诸多挑战,准确识别与分析项目风险因素具有实际意义。基于全寿命周期视角,采用文献研究与德尔菲法识别出农村污水治理PPP项目面临的21个风险因素,运用解释结构模型(ISM)与交叉影响矩阵相乘法(MICMAC)构建了风险因素的六级层次结构模型并分类,以揭示了风险因素间的内在联系,并提出政策建议。研究表明,项目缔约与运营阶段是关键阶段,合作单位选择是最根本的风险因素。此研究可为我国农村污水治理PPP项目风险分担与控制研究提供新思路,同时为政府部门提供投资决策与风险管理的依据。     

‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导及白霜的优化

为获得高品质、活力旺盛且具有分化能力的愈伤组织,本研究在已建立的海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)‘新海16’再生体系基础上,以MSB附加0.1 mg/L 2,4-D及0.1 mg/L KT为基本培养基,采用单因素随机试验研究外植体不同部位、光照及培养基成分等对‘新海16’愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明:‘新海16’愈伤诱导的外植体选用下胚轴中上部绿色茎段诱导效果较优;除此之外,愈伤诱导效果最佳的处理为2 000 lx光照强度、90%MSB无机盐成分、3 g/L PVP及1.2~1.4 g/L Gelrite或Phytagel,均能够降低愈伤组织出现白霜现象,对愈伤组织疏松生长有促进作用。本研究通过优化愈伤组织的诱导方法,提高胚性愈伤组织发生率,为‘新海16’高频再生体系提供科学依据。     

Effect of apple cultivars and storage periods on the virulence of Neofabraea spp.

Bull’s eye rot is a typical quiescent postharvest apple disease in major fruit-growing areas. The susceptibility of different apple cultivars to Neofabraea spp. (N. vagabunda and N. malicorticis) was assessed, with Granny Smith showing the most resistance and Cripps Pink the most susceptibility. To assess the factors involved in conidial germination, Neofabraea spp. were grown on crude protein extracts (CPEs) collected from apple fruits at different storage periods. Fungal germ tube growth rate and pathogenic enzyme (cellulase and xylanase) activity were assessed. Results showed that CPEs collected after 2 and 4 months of storage progressively stimulated conidial germination and germ tube elongation, while a lesser effect was observed from CPEs after 1 month of storage. Xylanase proved to be the main degrading enzyme secreted by all the isolates, while cellulase was produced only by N. vagabunda isolates. Overall, the isolate ID02 was the most virulent, based on more rapid germ tube elongation and greater activity of the lytic enzymes.     

征地拆迁、整建制转居与农民财产权 ——基于北京市大兴区北程庄村的调查与思考

对北京市大兴区北程庄村的土地征占、整建制转居和集体经济产权制度改革进行调研发现，乡村在快速城市化进程中的核心问题是维护和发展农民的财产权利。建议从根本上改变现行的征地思维和征地制度，保障两种土地公有制的平等地位；落实户籍制度改革，全面取消农转居政策；实行集体土地与国有土地同样可以开发建设城市的政策制度；及时撤销“三无村”或“空壳村”的村委会建制，完善撤制乡村集体资产处置办法。