根系修剪对枳生长及相关基因表达的影响

以枳实生苗为试验材料,通过两年重复试验分析了不切除主根、切除1/3主根、切除1/2主根、切除2/3主根等4个不同水平根系修剪处理下枳实生苗生长发育、根系构型和营养吸收的情况,并检测了不同水平根系修剪处理对侧根发育关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,切除1/2主根处理增加了枳实生苗的株高、茎粗、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重,改善了根系构型参数(侧根数、总根长、根表面积和平均长度),增加了根系P、K、Ca、B、Fe、Na和Zn等营养元素含量。另外,实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测发现,根系修剪处理诱导了侧根发育关键基因HOX1和CYP2的积累,并抑制了IAA11和IAA13的表达。综上所述,适度根系修剪可能通过诱导HOX1、CYP2基因的上调和IAA11、IAA13基因的下调来调控枳实生苗侧根的生长发育,改善根系构型,从而提高枳实生苗对营养元素的吸收能力及植株的生长发育。     

新疆杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中根系分布特征及生产力

为了解杨树（Populus L.）/紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）林草复合系统中两种植物根系的分布及相互关系，利用WinRHIZOTM对3 a生紫花苜蓿和7 a生杨树在单作和间作条件下0~60 cm土层中的根长密度（RLD）、平均根直径（ARD）和比根长（SRL）的分布进行测定分析。结果表明：间作紫花苜蓿RLD降低了10.01%~54.29%，20~60 cm土壤中紫花苜蓿ARD降低了11.15%~37.30%, 间作苜蓿的SRL比单作苜蓿高10.52%~28.78%；间作增加了 0~40 cm土层中杨树ARD的20.36%~28.08%，增加了苜蓿种植区域0~20 cm土层中杨树RLD的15.51%~34.23%。杨树SRL受到的影响较小，仅在8月5日的0~20 cm 土层中测得单作和间作SRL存在差异，单作杨树SRL比间作杨树高14.46%。单作和间作苜蓿的最高产量均在第一次收获时期，间作降低了苜蓿的产量，在第一次、第二次和第三次收获中产量分别降低了24.7%、30.9% 和 43.7%，与单作苜蓿相比，杨树/紫花苜蓿林草复合系统中苜蓿的总产量减少了31.2%。通过计算土地当量比，发现杨树与紫花苜蓿复合经营为杨树林带增加了额外来自紫花苜蓿的收入，能够提高系统41%的生产力。综上所述，林草复合系统中紫花苜蓿根系分布及生长受到了不利影响，而杨树根系受到了有利的影响。相比单作种植，林草复合系统有较高的生产力和资源利用效率，具有提高新疆地区防护林带生态和经济回报率的潜能。     

太子参须提取物对鸭流感病毒体外试验初探

为尝试性探究太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长的抑制作用,本文基于TCID50试验检测鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外感染不同处理组的MDCK细胞。结果表明,太子参须提取物高低剂量组(75%、25%)和黄芪多糖阳性对照组均对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长产生抑制,且太子参须提取物高剂量组(75%)的抑制作用最优。结论:太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的体外增殖具有一定抑制作用,且呈相应剂量关系。     

Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress

Drought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.     

Effect of Spatial Soil Moisture Stress on Cotton Root Architecture

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spatial soil moisture stress on cotton root growth, and to analyze the corresponding changes in cotton root architecture. [Method] To produce soil moisture spatial stress, cotton spacing was set at 30 cm. The cotton was all irrigated on one side of the pole (the side sampling point). By excavating the cotton root, analysis of the main root bifurcation, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, could be undertaken. [Result] The analyses of the cotton A (the nearest plant to the irrigation location) root system showed that soil moisture near the irrigation point was distributed uniformly. The root system architecture of the cotton cultivated near the irrigation point mostly presented a symmetrical "umbrella" pattern; the difference in root diameter between the main and lateral roots was 5–6 mm, and the average angle between them was 70°–80°, which decreased with the increase in cotton growth stage. Soil moisture spatial stress influenced the cotton plant C, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, such that the root system architecture was asymmetrical. The roots of cotton plant C grew towards the high soil moisture zone; 48.15% of the lateral roots became thicker, which acted as a bifurcated main root. The difference in diameter between the bifurcated roots was 1–4 mm, and the average angle of the bifurcated roots along the vertical direction was between 20°–37°, which increased with the increase in cotton growth stage. [Conclusion] The results provide important information on the physiological responses of the cotton root system to the soil moisture environment.     

Metabolite profiling of shoot extract,root extract,and root exudate of rice under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency

ABSTRACT

Root exudate is derived from plant metabolites and its composition is affected by plant nutrient status. A deficiency of mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), strongly affects the type and amount of plant metabolites. We applied a metabolite profiling technique to investigate root exudates of rice plants under N and P deficiency. Oryza sativa was grown in culture solution containing two N levels (0 and 60 mg N L^?1) or two P levels (0 and 8 mg P L^?1). Shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates were obtained from the rice plants 5 and 15 days after transplanting and their metabolites were determined by capillary electrophoresis/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Shoot N concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?N level were lower than those of plants grown at +N level. Shoot P concentration and dry weight of rice plants grown at ?P level were lower than those of plants grown at +P level. One hundred and thirty-two, 127, and 98 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two N levels. One hundred and thirty-two, 128, and 99 metabolites were identified in shoot extracts, root extracts, and root exudates, respectively, at the two P levels. Seventy-seven percent of the metabolites were exuded to the rhizosphere. The concentrations of betaine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutarate in root exudates were higher at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentration of spermidine in root exudates was lower at both ?N and ?P levels than at their respective high levels. The concentrations of the other metabolites in root exudates were affected differently by plant N or P status. These results suggest that rice roots actively release many metabolites in response to N and P deficiency.     

东北春玉米不同发育期干旱胁迫对根系生长的影响

分别在玉米拔节期(BJ)和抽雄期(CX)进行水分胁迫试验,利用微根管技术观测不同发育期干旱过程中根分布动态,并利用根分布模型模拟相关参数(d_(50)和d_(95):累积根比例分别为50%和95%的土层深度),对不同干旱胁迫处理的土壤湿度、根系分布及相关参数时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明:水分控制后的土壤湿度在130cm以上基本达到预期干旱效果,即BJ和CX处理在控水时段0~100 cm土层土壤相对湿度都降至40%以下,但深层土壤湿度并未受到水分控制影响;拔节和抽雄期干旱胁迫条件下,根长密度(RLD)最大值分别为2.18±0.89cm·cm~(-3)和2.10±0.47 cm·cm~(-3),所在土壤深度为60 cm,对照(CK)RLD最大值为1.24±0.77 cm·cm~(-3),所在深度为40 cm,CK和BJ处理的RLD在最大值深度以下随土层深度增加而减小,CX处理的RLD在80 cm以下仍保持较大值;BJ和CX比CK的d50分别增大45%和59%,d95分别增大8%和41%,证明玉米根系因干旱胁迫而向深层土壤生长。     

高粱绿肥种植密度对设施黄瓜根系生长相关因子的影响

以设施黄瓜为研究对象,在黄瓜定植前40 d分别播撒240、120、60 kg/hm~2不同密度高粱种子,并于黄瓜定植前将高粱植株作为绿肥翻入土壤,研究其对黄瓜结果期生长指标、根际土壤养分含量以及细菌群落结构变化的影响,探讨其影响黄瓜生长指标、根际养分含量和菌群结构变化的内在机制。试验结果表明:240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高梁绿肥可显著提高黄瓜根际土壤有机质质量比31.66%、碱解氮质量比8.75%、速效磷质量比13.89%、速效钾质量比16.86%、脲酶活性6.85%,显著提高结果期黄瓜茎粗12.83%、根系数15.81%、根总体积24.11%、叶片总面积11.43%、单株结瓜数10.97%、总产量9.81%;240 kg/hm~2种植密度的高粱绿肥可明显提高黄瓜根际土壤中变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门比例而降低酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门比例,明显提高鞘脂单胞菌科、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科、中华杆菌科、生丝微菌科比例而降低Gp6科、Gp16科、Gp4科比例。该处理主要通过降低根际土壤绿弯菌门和提高鞘脂单胞菌科、中华杆菌科比例而提高脲酶活性,通过提高厚壁菌门、黄色单胞菌科、红螺菌科和降低根际土壤酸杆菌门比例而促进碱解氮质量比、速效磷质量比、茎粗、叶片总面积、根系数、根总体积的提高,最终促进黄瓜生长并提高产量。     

棉隆与生物有机肥协同防治芹菜根腐病及其对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

本研究测定土壤消毒剂棉隆熏蒸与生物有机肥协同处理芹菜根腐病高发的芹菜地后,芹菜根腐病的防治效果及根际土壤微生物变化。结果表明:未经过土壤处理的芹菜地栽培60天后,芹菜根腐病发病率为29.03%,经过棉隆和生物菌肥协同处理后,对芹菜根腐病防效高达95.14%。土壤处理后不同时间采样测定发现土壤真菌、细菌的种类和数量显著低于未处理土壤,随着定植时间的延长土壤微生物得到复壮,微生物群落数量和未处理土壤相近。因此,说明棉隆对芹菜根腐病具有显著的防治效果,与生物有机肥协同应用,可以维持土壤微生物结构,对土传病害的可持续控制具有重要的意义。     

Field survey,isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with a Mediterranean‐type tree species

Corymbia calophylla (marri), a keystone tree species in the global biodiversity hot spot of southwestern Australia, is suffering decline and mortality associated with a canker disease caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup. Phytophthora species are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of C. calophylla, and a hypothesis is that Phytophthora root infection is predisposing C. calophylla to this endemic canker pathogen. Field surveys were conducted in both anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed C. calophylla stands, from where a total of 100 rhizosphere soil samples, from both healthy and cankered trees, were collected. Phytophthora species were isolated from 26% of the samples collected, with Phytophthora incidence significantly higher on disturbed stands than in natural forests (73% and 27%, respectively). Five Phytophthora species were recovered, including P. cinnamomi, P. elongata, P. multivora, P. pseudocryptogea and P. versiformis. Under‐bark inoculations with the Phytophthora isolates caused significant lesion lengths in excised C. calophylla stems. Corymbia calophylla response to pot infestation trials in the glasshouse varied between Phytophthora species and isolates, with isolates of P. cinnamomi and P. multivora causing a significant reduction in seedling root volume and often leading to seedling death. This study demonstrates that root disease caused by Phytophthora species, especially P. cinnamomi and P. multivora, has the ability to adversely affect C. calophylla health. This study leads the way to do a dual inoculation trial with the canker pathogen Q. coyrecup, and different Phytophthora species to investigate if Phytophthora root infection predisposes C. calophylla to this canker disease.