不同吸附特性的稻草生物炭对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响

秸秆生物炭具有改善土壤生态环境、土壤蓄水保肥和减少温室气体排放等正效应,但其石灰效应会加大稻田氨挥发损失。为充分发挥生物炭吸铵特性,降低其石灰效应的不利影响,对不同热解温度(300、500、700℃)和酸化水平(pH值=5、7、9)稻草生物炭处理下的田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发和水稻产量进行了研究。结果表明:偏酸性(pH值=5)、中性(p H值=7)生物炭处理在基肥期和分蘖肥期均能显著降低田面水NH_4~+-N峰值浓度(P0.05),降幅达16.90%～35.60%。全生育期稻田氨挥发损失占施氮量的15.14%～26.05%(2019年)、15.10%～19.00%(2020年)。稻田增施热解温度为700℃、酸化水平为5(p H值=5)的生物炭(C700P5)降氨效果最好,两年氨挥发分别显著降低22.93%、12.61%(P0.05)。高温热解配合偏酸性、中性生物炭(C700P5、C700P7)增产效果显著,增产率达9.92%～13.50%,结构方程模型表明,其增产原因是生物炭酸化处理降低了稻草生物炭的石灰效应,而热解温度调整提高了生物炭阳离子交换量(CationExchange Capacity,CEC),进而降低了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,最终提高了水稻地上部氮素积累和水稻产量。研究可揭示不同热解温度和酸化水平制备的生物炭在稻田中的应用潜力,并为稻田合理施用生物炭和减少化肥施用量提供理论依据。     

有机及常规栽培条件对不同优良食味水稻品种的产量和品质影响试验

通过试验比较各水稻品种在有机及常规栽培条件下的产量和品质,筛选适宜靖江市推广栽培的优良食味水稻品种。试验结果表明:相同品种在常规栽培下整精米率较高,加工品质较好;在有机栽培条件下,稻米外观品质较好,垩白粒率较低,垩白度较低。     

200CS伴能在直播水稻上施用效果试验研究

Perennial live paddy planting rice on the basis of conventional fertilization, by basal + can, tillering, closed herbicide + company + can, can (20% less nitrogen) basal + partner, 100% of nitrogen in the whole stages base + can with different processing, performance from the growth of rice, rice tillering, leaf chlorophyll value, yield and increasing costs, unit yield inceement, VCR, etc, with increasing can improve rice leaf chlorophyll content, promote rice tillers, makes the rice growth, significantly increase rice yield and output value, according to labor saving, has demonstrated and value.     

我国稻米加工工艺的沿革与展望

我国稻米加工起步于大规模采集野生稻的时期,最初是采用稻谷直接制成米的“稻出白”工艺,后来采用稻谷先制成糙米、糙米再制成米的“糙出白”工艺,两者构成了沿用几千年的古代稻米加工工艺;19世纪60年代开始,增加稻谷清理、白米整理等工段,构成了近代稻米加工工艺;到20世纪末,增加稻谷分级、下脚整理、稻壳整理、副产品整理、糙米精选、白米精选、白米色选、白米抛光等工序,构成现代稻米加工工艺;进入21世纪以来,新增了回砻谷净化、糙米净化、刷米与抛光组合、多道色选、留胚粒分选等工序,构成了当代稻米加工工艺;今后通过增加多等级大米联产、多等级大米与留胚米联产等专利加工工艺,将构成加工过程更加精准且智能化、低破碎、低能耗和环境友好的未来稻米加工工艺。     

蚯蚓粪对柑橘幼苗抗草甘膦胁迫的影响

草甘膦在柑橘园除草中得到大量使用，对农作物生长、果实品质、产量和质量造成影响。如何降低草甘膦对柑橘树的生物可利用性，从而降低其对农作物造成的药害、提高果实品质和食品安全将至关重要。本文在前期研究的基础上通过施用蚯蚓粪，表征蚯蚓粪作用下土壤中残留草甘膦对柑橘幼苗的生物有效性和生物毒性效应。结果显示，蚯蚓粪能够显著增强其生物有效性（BCF值显著增大）；显著降低草甘膦在土壤中的残留量到草甘膦单独处理组的55.15%，从而减少草甘膦在柑橘幼苗植株中的积累。同时，蚯蚓粪的施用能促进植物的茁壮生长，使抗氧化酶活力较对照组显著提高，从而具有更强的抗逆能力。在这两方面的共同作用下，蚯蚓粪显著减轻了土壤中残留草甘膦对柑橘幼苗的胁迫，使其株高、根长和相应的干重较草甘膦单独施用时增长了26.23%-140.11%，甚至成为对照组的1.03倍和1.13倍。此研究对兼顾化肥有机替代的草甘膦污染土壤的修复和高效利用具有重要意义。     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

水稻稀播条件下不同秧龄壮秧技术

以南粳9108为试验材料,研究稀播条件下(18000苗/m₂)不同措施对30、35 d秧龄秧苗素质的影响。结果表明:在18000苗/m₂的播种密度下,多效唑浸种能够有效地促进根系生长,矮化秧苗高度,显著提高秧苗素质,对于培育不同秧龄的壮苗均有促进作用。多效唑浸种浓度在0.5 g/L左右最为适宜。     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。