四川地区藏猪戊型肝炎病毒的检测和遗传演化分析

旨在调查四川地区藏猪戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E virus，HEV）的流行情况和遗传演化，作者用RT-PCR法对2018—2020年采集自四川省甘孜藏族自治州和阿坝藏族自治州的22个藏猪场332份藏猪粪便样本进行HEV检测，并对阳性样本进行基因分型。RT-PCR检测结果表明HEV核酸阳性率为20.48%（68/332，95% CI=16.3%~25.2%），22个规模藏猪场中HEV猪场阳性率为77.27%（17/22，95% CI=54.6%~92.2%），健康样本阳性率为2.86%（3/105，95% CI=0.6%~8.1%），腹泻样本阳性率为28.63%（65/227，95% CI=22.8%~35.0%），系统进化分析显示所有阳性株均为G4型。为了进一步研究该地区流行毒株的演化过程，以贝叶斯进化分析软件进行分歧时间估算，结果表明，藏猪流行毒株的分歧时间最早为1999年，最晚为2016年。并分别从每年的样本中挑选1份阳性样本得到全基因组序列，核酸序列相似性为89.5%~93.1%。通过对3条全基因组重组分析发现SWU/301/2019存在重组现象，SWU/301/2019重组区域位于ORF1的3 746—4 655 bp。本研究首次对四川地区藏猪源HEV进行调查，结果表明四川藏猪中存在一定程度的HEV感染，为四川地区对藏猪感染HEV的防治以及深入研究四川藏猪源HEV遗传变异及生物学特性提供了参考依据。     

早熟玉米杂交组合主要农艺性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联度分析法,对19个玉米杂交组合性状进行分析。结果表明,各性状与产量的关联度大小依次为:株高>生育期>倒折率>穗行>行粒>秃尖>含水量>百粒重>穗位高>倒伏率>穗长>出籽率>穗粗。在育种工作中应该注重对株高、生育期和倒折率的选择,同时要结合不同性状间相互关系的综合表现进行育种,使玉米产量有较大提升。     

丛生竹林下竹荪富硒菌棒覆土栽培技术

在丛生竹林下对不同基质配方和硒浓度菌棒进行埋棒栽培以及覆土方式栽培试验，结果表明，菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪产量及其营养成分有显著影响，而且三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式有利于提高竹荪产量。改良基质配方菌棒竹荪产量比常规配方提高约50%；在添加外源硒质量分数为0~2.0 mg/kg的浓度范围内，竹荪子实体产量先随着硒浓度的增加而逐渐增加后再有所降低，基质中添加1.5 mg/kg硒肥比不添加产量提高了195.30%。基质中添加硒质量分数为1.0~2.0 mg/kg的硒肥可以较显著地提高竹荪花的硒含量，其干物质中硒含量平均值从约2.50 mg/kg提高到8.05~13.30 mg/kg，外源硒肥利用率达到9.70%~15.36%。菌棒不同基质配方对竹荪子实体的粗蛋白及粗多糖含量有明显影响，改良配方竹荪蛋与竹荪花的粗蛋白含量是常规配方的1.21和1.29倍，其粗多糖含量是常规配方的4.81和1.35倍；基质中添加硒肥与不添加硒肥相比，竹荪蛋与竹荪花中粗蛋白含量分别增加了40.90%和14.30%。在硒质量分数为1.0 mg/kg的竹荪菌棒林下覆土栽培试验中，三列浅沟形覆土方式单位面积鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，为10.27 kg/m²；双列龟背形覆土方式单个菌棒的鲜竹荪蛋产量最高，达1.40 kg。三列浅沟形和双列龟背形2种覆土方式基质生物转化率分别为93.00%和94.14%，达到了较高水平。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林下灌木群落空间格局及其与倒木关联性分析

分析西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林下灌木群落的空间分布格局及其与倒木的关联性，探讨该森林生态系统内灌木的分布规律，并从空间分布格局角度量化倒木对灌木分布的影响。以色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林下灌木和倒木为研究对象，通过典型样地调查，用点格局法分析其空间分布格局以及与倒木的关联性。结果表明:1）样地内共有灌木7种，总密度730株·hm^-2，不同灌木种群分密度依次为杯萼忍冬（359株·hm^-2）>长尾槭（185株·hm^-2）>西南花楸（61株·hm^-2）>猴斑杜鹃（55株·hm^-2）>冰川茶藨子（53株·hm^-2）>光秃绣线菊（株·hm^-2）>峨眉蔷薇（株·hm^-2）；2）在0~50 m空间尺度内，冰川茶藨子、猴斑杜鹃、长尾槭、杯萼忍冬以集群分布为主要特征；西南花楸以随机分布为主要特征，只是在个别尺度呈现显著的集群分布；3）Ⅰ腐烂等级倒木与灌木在0~50 m空间尺度上呈显著的负关联，倒木整体与灌木及Ⅱ~Ⅴ腐烂等级倒木与灌木在0~50 m空间尺度上均无显著关联。不同灌木种群因对环境的适应性不同而具有不同的空间分布格局，灌木空间格局形成的生态过程及倒木对灌木空间分布的影响均具有复杂性。     

基于GF-1和Sentinel-2时序数据的茶园识别

由于茶园大多分布在地形复杂的山区,地块破碎,分布零散,形状差异大、植被混杂且茶园所处环境长期受到云雨的影响,增加了茶园遥感识别的难度与不确定性,针对这一问题,该研究提出了利用高分1号(GF-1)和哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)时序数据提取茶园的方法,以浙江省武义县王宅镇为研究区,采用GF-1号为主要数据源,并利用MODIS地表反射率产品和Sentinel-2反射率数据,基于时空融合算法得到时间分辨率5 d的10 m Sentinel-2完整的时序数据。综合利用GF-1在空间细节方面的优势和重建的Sentinel-2高观测频率时序数据在反映茶树生长过程方面的优势,分别基于GF-1的光谱和纹理特征及GF-1的光谱、纹理特征和Sentinel-2时序特征两种特征组合方式,采用随机森林算法提取茶园。结果表明,GF-1光谱、纹理信息结合Sentinel-2时序信息分类结果的准确率、错误率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为96.91%、3.09%、89.00%、83.09%和0.86,仅基于GF-1光谱和纹理信息的分类准确率、错误率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别为94.72%、5.28%、73.09%、84.61%和0.78,添加时序信息分类结果总体优于未添加时序信息的分类结果。表明高空间分辨率结合高频率时序遥感数据是提高茶园分类精度的有效手段。     

Performance evaluation of venturi aeration system

The venturi aeration is an effective practice to increase the dissolved oxygen accessibility in the water bodies. This study aims to optimize the various geometrical parameters of the venturi aeration system. A non-dimensional technique was applied to find the optimum performance of various geometric parameters i.e. throat lengths (t_l), number of air holes (N), and converging and diverging angles (α and β). These experiments have been carried out using 1124 L capacity of tank having dimensions of 105 cm long, 105 cm wide and 102 cm deep. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow velocity of water (1.096 m/s) with varying throat length (t_l = 20–100 mm keeping 20 mm as interval between two consecutive length), number of air holes (N = 1–17 at an equal hole to hole distance of 5 mm between them), and converging and diverging angles (α and β = 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). Multiple non-linear regression equations were also developed from the linear relation with the dependent variable (Non-dimensional form of standard aeration efficiency, NDSAE) and independent variables (t_l and N). With the geometrically optimized venturi aerator the optimum performance was found for t_l =100 mm, N = 17, and α and β = 15°. The maximum value of standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) obtained was 0.0216 kgO₂/h and 0.611 kgO₂/kWh respectively. From the non-dimensional study, it was found that the NDSAE is the function Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The simulation equations were developed on the basis of Re and Fr for NDSAE, and subjected to 7.378 × 10⁻⁶ < Re < 3.689 × 10^-5 and 0.163 < Fr < 0.817, respectively.     

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

Molecular investigation on the presence of canine parvovirus in Egypt

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) causes a highly contagious gastroenteritis disease of dogs and wild canids. To investigate the CPV-2 prevalence in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, a total of 50 fecal swabs were collected from suspected diseased dogs during 2016–2017. Out of 50 collected samples, 35 samples (70 %) presented positive results for CPV-2 using immuno-chromatography (IC) as a rapid test. CPV-2DNA was detected in 42 samples (84 %) by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequencies of CPV-2 were significantly higher in German shepherd breed (46 %; 23/50) and in age groups less than 6 months (76%; 38/50). We evaluated the breed, age, sex, rapid test results and clinical signs as predictors for classification of animal status into infected and not infected. The best predictors for classification process were rapid test result and clinical signs. Both CPV-2b and CPV-2c subtypes were detected by CPV2-VP2 gene sequences analysis. Deduced amino acid sequences alignment showed substitutions at 3 sites (Arg453Pro, Ala574Glu and Gln457Leu). Further investigations are needed to reveal the genetic and antigenic relation between field and vaccinal strains of CPV-2 in Egypt.     

水产品中内分泌干扰物残留检测方法研究进展

环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs),是一类存在于环境介质中并介导生物体内分泌激素的合成、释放、代谢、结合和排泄作用,对其后代产生有害影响的外源性化学物质;因干扰内分泌系统的过程与雌激素类似,故也被称为环境激素[1-2] 。环境内分泌干扰物分为自然存在和人为合成,人为合成的主要来源于人类广泛的农业和工业活动,如常见的有机氯农药、己烯雌酚、双酚A、多环芳烃类和多氯联苯类(PCBs)等,研究表明,其中已有300多种物质危害人类和动物的健康 [3-5] 。近年来随着环境内分泌干扰物的广泛应用以及未经处理的各类废水排放,使得各地环境受到不同程度的污染。Luo等 [6] 检测分析了湘江的21种环境内分泌干扰物的质量浓度水平,发现烷基酚的质量浓度最高,为0.8~3100 ng/L;Kumirska等 [7] 利用气相色谱质谱法分析污水处理厂的污泥和鱼塘沉积物,检出17-β-雌二醇、17-α-炔雌醇等13种环境内分泌干扰物,质量浓度为未检出~489 μg/kg。     

草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织高质量总RNA提取方法的研究

基于传统的酸性酚—异硫氰酸胍—氯仿一步提取法,比较分析多种优化操作步骤,摸索出一种高质量提取体质量为80~150 g草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织总RNA的改良方法。试验结果显示,相较于肝脏、脾脏、肠道等脏器组织,草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA丰度低,且极易在样品前处理阶段出现顽固性降解问题。探索发现,将取样量增至约30 mg,可提升RNA产量以满足常规试验需求。针对降解难题,改良常规的样品前处理技术流程,采用鲜样液氮速冻,冻样直接放入TRIzol试剂中裂解,并即刻进行长时间机械匀浆,时长约3 min等核心操作步骤,可显著降低脂肪组织样品RNA的降解。Agilent生物分析仪检测结果显示,改良方法提取的草鱼肠系膜脂肪组织RNA完整度高,关键RIN值为8.7~9.0。研究推测,长时间机械匀浆所形成的持续剪切冲击力或许有助于TRIzol试剂中的异硫氰酸胍等成分突破油滴阻碍而有效抑制内源性RNA酶。本方法提取的草鱼脂肪组织总RNA质量可满足高通量转录组测序要求。